TRICKLE IRRIGATION FOR CROP PRODUCTION

1.Introduction 1.1 Historical Development 1.1.1 History 1.1.2 System Components 1.1.3 Systems Type 1.1.4 General Principles 1.1.5 Economic Considerations 2. Design Principles 2.1 Emitter Construction 2.1.1 Introduction 2.1.2 Discharge Principles 2.1.3 Characterizing Hydraulic Performance 2.1.4 Types 2.1.5 Molding Methods 2.1.6 Materials 2.1.7 Bonding And Assembly Methods 2.1.8 Attachment To Lateral Pipes And Hydraulic Implications 2.1.9 Hydraulic Performance 2.2 System Design 2.2.1 Hydraulics 2.2.2 Distribution Uniformity 2.2.3 Hydraulic Design 2.2.4 Irrigation Efficiency 2.2.5 System Design Limitations 2.3 Soil Water Distribution 2.3.1 Soil Properties 2.3.2 Soil Water Modeling 2.3.3 Emitter Spacing And Discharge 2.4 Salt Distribution 2.4.1 Theory And Concepts 2.4.2 Leaching 2.4.3 Water-Soil -Salt Interrelationship 2.4.4 Modeling Of Salt Movement 3. Operational Principles 3.1 Emitter Clogging 3.1.1 Evaluation 3.1.2 Water Quality 3.1.3 Causes 3.1.4 Prevention 3.1.5 Reclamation 3.1.6 Recommended Guidelines 3.2 Water Treatment 3.2.1 Filtration 3.2.2 Chemical Treatment 3.3 Automation 3.3.1 Introduction 3.3.2 Control Theory 3.3.3 Automatic Control Systems 3.3.4 Instrumentation And Hardware 3.4 Field Performance And Evaluation 3.4.1 Need For Evaluation 3.4.2 Emitter Discharge Uniformity Estimation 3.4.3 Hydraulic System And Emitter Performance 3.4.4 Soil Water Distribution And Application Efficiency 3.4.5 Fertilizer Injection Evaluation 3.4.6 Filter Performance 3.4.7 Water Meter Evaluation 4. Management Principles 4.1 Irrigation Scheduling 4.1.1 Evapotranspiration Concept 4.1.2 Irrigation Scheduling Concepts 4.2 Flow Measurement And System Maintenance 4.2.1 Flow Measurement 4.2.2 System Maintenance 4.3 Fertilization 4.3.1 Introduction 4.3.2 Criteria For Applying Fertilizers Through Trickle Systems 4.3.3 Equipment And Methods For Fertilizer Injection 4.3.4 Nitrogen Fertilization 4.3.5 Phosphorus Fertilization 4.3.6 Potassium Fertilisation 4.3.7 Micronutrient Fertilization 4.3.8 Rate Calculations And Examples 4.4 Salinity 4.4.1 Plant Response To Salt-Affected Soils 4.4.2 Irrigation Water Quality 4.4.3 Management Of Salt Affected Soils

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