IRRIGATION IN THE WORLD: COMPARATIVE DEVELOPMENTS// HITOSH FUKUDA

Part 1. General 1. Introduction 1.1 Objective 1.2 Significance of comparison and its method 1.3 Agricultural utilization of water, irrigation and drainage : Their definition and aims 2. Historical development of irrigation and drainage 2.1 Farming and irrigation 2.1.1 Beginning of farming and irrigation 2.1.2 From village to national level 2.2 Four origins of river civilization and two streams 2.2.1 Nile river valley 2.2.2 Mesopotamia 2.2.3 Indus river valley 2.2.4 Yellow river valley 2.2.5 Inca civilization ( Peru ) 2.2.6 Maya civilization ( Guatemala, Mexico ) 2.3 Trends, Western and Eastern 2.3.1 Western trends 2.3.2 Eastern trends 2.4 From arid region to humid region 2.5 Development of drainage 2.5.1 Surface drainage 2.5.2 Sub-drainage 2.6 Rationalization of agriculture and water management 2.6.1 Intensification 2.6.2 Multiplication 3. Environmental conditions for development of irrigation and drainage 3.1 Natural conditions 3.1.1 Climatical and hydrological 3.1.2 Land 3.2 Human conditions 3.2 .1 Human activities and administrative authorities 3.2.2 Social 3.2.3 Socioeconomic effects of irrigation 4. Distribution and characteristics of irrigation and drainage 4.1 Distribution of irrigation 4.1.1 Irrigated areas in the world 4.1.2 Seasonal and Perennial, supplementary and primary irrigation 4.1.3 Irrigation ratio 4.2 Characteristics of irrigation and drainage 4.2.1 Technical characteristics 4.2.2 Administrative characteristics 4.2.3 Evaluative and financial characteristics 5. Problems of irrigation and drainage 5.1 Basic surveys 5.1.1 Geology, soil 5.1.2 Hydrological data 5.1.3 Socioeconomic conditions 5.2 Research 5.2.1 Water requirements of main crops 5.2.2 Development of methods of irrigation and drainage 5.3 Combination of irrigation and drainage 5.4 Rationalization of water management 5.4.1 Technical 5.4.2 Economic 5.4.3 Administrative 5.5 Water-logging , salinization and sedimentation 5.6 Education and training 6. Conclusions Part 2. Irrigation and drainage in main countries 7. East Asia : Indonesia, Malaysia, Sri Lanka (Ceylon ), India , Nepal, Bangladesh , Burma , Thailand , Cambodia , Vietnam , The Philippines , China , Taiwan , Republic of Korea , Japan 8. West Asia: Pakistan , Afghanistan , Iran , Iraq , Syria , Lebanon , Turkey , Jordan , Israel , Saudi Arabia 9. East Europe : Greece , Bulgaria , Rumania , Yugoslavia , Hungary , Czechoslovakia , Poland , Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ( U. S.S.R. ) 10. West Europe : Italy , Spain , France , United Kingdom , Belgium , The Netherlands , Federal Republic of Germany , Switzerland , Austria , Denmark , Finland , Sweden , Norway 11. Africa : Kenya , Ethiopia , Sudan , Egypt , Tunisia , Algeria , Morocco , Tanzania , Rhodesia , Malagasy Republic , Republic of South Africa 12. North America : United State of America , Canada 13. Central and South America : Mexico , Ecuador , Colombia , Surinam , Venezuela , Brazil , Peru , Argentina , Chile, 14. Oceania : Australia , New Zealand

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