Geochemical processes, weathering and groundwater recharge in catchments edited by Ola M. Saether and Patrice de Caritat

1. Weathering Processes / James I. Drever - Definitions of Weathering Types of Weathering Reaction (Congruent & Incongruent), Cation Exchange, Mineral Dissolution Kinetics (Relative Rates & Effect of Solution Composition on Dissolution Rates of Silicate Minerals), Comparisons Between Field and Laboratory Dissolution Rates, Modelling Approaches, Future Research Directions. 2. Composition, Properties and Development of Nordic Soils. / Ole K. Borggaard - Soil Composition (Air, Water, Organic Mailer & Minerals), Soil Properties (Physical & Chemical), Soil Development Processes (Decalcification, Gleization, Lessivage & Podzolization), Summary With Conclusions, Future Research Directions. 3 Catchment Hydrology / Allan Rodhe & Anund Killingtveit - The Catchment, Water Balance, Runoff Processes in the Catchment, Soil Water Storage and Flow Processes, Mathematical Modelling of Soil Water Movement (Soil Water Potential, Water Flow - Darcy's Law & Drainage Equilibrium), Groundwater Storage and Flow (Aquifers and Aquitards, Storage Coefficient, Groundwater Flow, Flow Velocity & Preferential Flowpaths - Macropore Flow), Streamflow Generation (Hortonian Overland Flow, Variable Source Area, Recharge and Discharge Areas & Groundwater Contribution in Discharge Areas), the Role of Topography, the HBV-Model: A Precipitation / Runoff-Model (The Snow Routine, the Soil Moisture Routine & the Runoff Response Routine), Model Calibration and Use, Components of the Water Budget in the Nordic Countries. 4. Groundwater Recharge / David N. Lerner - What is Recharge? (Recharge and Related Concepts, Recharge in the Hydrological Cycle & Objectives of Chapter), Hydrogeological Environments (Permo-Triassic Sandstone of the Uk & Scandinavian Conditions), Precipitation Recharge (Lysimeters: Direct Measurement, Empirical Methods, Soil Moisture Budgeting Method, Darcian Approaches, Tracer Techniques, Variability of Recharge Across Catchments & Localised Recharge), Recharge from Rivers (River Types, Rivers in Contact With the Water Table, River Recharge Estimation Methods, Groundwater Response Under Ephemeral Rivers, Water Balances, Darcian Approaches &Tracer Techniques for Groundwater Recharge from River), Interaquifer Flows, Net Recharge Over a Region (Water Table Rise, Hydrograph Analysis for Groundwater Discharge, Inverse Techniques & Aquifer-Wide Tracers), Concluding Remarks. 5. Chemical Analysis of Rocks and Soils / Magne Odegard - Historical Development, Total Analysis Versus Partial Analysis, Analytical Methods (X-Ray Fluorescence (Xrf), Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry (Icp-Aes) & Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (Aas)), Quality Control. 6 Collection and Analysis of Groundwater Samples / John Mather - Data Quality, Sample Collection and Analysis (Field Parameters, Laboratory Measurements & Pore Water Analysis), Representation of Data, Water Quality Standards. 7. Environmental Isotopes as Tracers in Catchments / Sylvi Haldorsen, Gunnhild Riise, Berit Swensen & Ronald S. Sletten - Oxygen and Hydrogen Isotopes (Stable Isotopes: 18O and 2h(D), Application of d18O and dD in Catchment Studies & Tritium), Carbon Isotopes (the '4C isotope & the '3C isotope), Nitrogen Isotopes (Nitrogen Isotope Variations in Precipitation, the Pedosphere and Groundwater & Pollution Studies in Catchments and Groundwater Aquifers), Sulphur Isotopes (Some Examples of Sulphur Isotopes Studies), Conclusions. 8 Held Instrumentation / Anund Killingtveit, Knut Sand & Nils Roar Saelthun - Streamflow Measurements (Measurement of Stage, Discharge Measurement Methods, Stage-Discharge Relation & Practical Considerations), Automatic Data Acquisition Systems in Hydrology (Main Structure and System Components, Hydrological Data for Hydropower Design and Operation , Data Transmission, Hydrometric. Data for Hydropower Systems Operation: Two Examples & Recommendation). 9. Catchment Mass Balance / James L. Drever - Terms in the Mass Balance Equation (Solutes in Outflow, Solutes from the Atmosphere, Changes in the Exchange Pool, Changes in The Biomass & Chemical Weathering), Mass Balance and Mineral Weathering (the Sierra Nevada, California, Usa, Absaroka Mountains, Wyoming, Usa, Adirondack Mountains, New York, Usa & Sogndal, Norway), the Problem of Excess Calcium (South Cascade Glacier, Washington, Usa, Loch Vale, Colorado, Usa & Discussion), Conclusions, Future Directions in Research. 10. Natural Organic Matter in Catchments / James F. Ranville & Donald L. Macalady - The Nature and Origin of Natural Organic Matter (Nature of Natural Organic Matter & Origin of Natural Organic Matter), Geochemical Reactions of Natural Organic Matter (Weathering and Natural Organic Matter in Catchments, Development of Natural Organic Matter Profiles in Catchments, Hydrological Controls on the Transport of Natural Organic Mailer, Redox Chemistry of Metal-Organic Complexes & Natural Organic Matter and Metal Ion Transport), Interactions Between Natural Organic Mailer and Anthropogenic Chemicals (Transport of Pollutant Metals as Dissolved Natural Organic Matter Complexes, Effects of Sorption/Partitioning to Natural Organic Matter on the Transport of Organic Chemicals, Effects of Natural Organic Matter on Hydrolytic Reactions, Oxidation/Reduction Reactions Facilitated By Natural Organic Mailer, Colloidal Natural Organic Mailer and Facilitated Transport & Natural Organic Mailer... Sink for Pollutants or Facilitator of Transport? Mysteries and Research Questions), Conclusions, Future Research Directions. 11. Relationship Between Rock, Soil and Groundwater Compositions / John Mather - The Source Term, Factors Affecting Groundwater Chemistry, Reactions in the Unsaturated Zone (Gas Dissolution and Redistribution, Carbonate and Silicate Dissolution, Suiphide Oxidation, Gypsum Precipitation and Dissolution, Cation Exchange & Organic Reactions), Reactions in the Saturated Zone (Carbonate and Silicate Dissolution, Dissolution of Soluble Salts, Redox Reactions & Cation Exchange), Saline Groundwaters, Groundwater Compositions, Anthropogenic Influences (Agricultural Pollution, Industrial Pollution & Acidrain), Conclusions, Future Research. 12. Towards Coupling Hydrological, Sow and Weathering Processes within a Modelling Perspective / Colin Neal, Alice J. Robson & Nils Christophersen - A Case Study from Wales (Description of the Study Area & Hydrochemistry), Sources Contributing to Stream Flow (Rationale, Hydrograph Separation, Hydrograph Separation Using Continuous Data & Conclusions Concerning Water Mixing Relationships), Chemical Mixing, Speciation and Solubility Controls for Aluminium (Rationale, Modelling Chemical Speciation & Mixing Model Results), Modelling Studies (Modelling Background, Short Term Modelling Studies & Long Term Modelling Studies), Towards Integrated Models (Developing a Cation Exchange Model Accounting for Soil Heterogeneity & Summary of Findings), Discussions, Recommendations, Conclusions, Future Research Directions. 13. Chemical Changes Attending Water Cycling Through a Catchment - An Overview / Patrice De Caritat & Ola M. Saether - The Geochemical Cycle, the Water Cycle, Every Drop of Rain, Soil Searching, the Water Table, Discharge, All the Rivers Run.

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