SUBSURFACE EXPLORATION AND SAMPLING OF SOILS FOR CIVIL ENGINEERING PURPOSES

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Part 1: Principles of exploration and sampling. Chapter 1: General procedure and requirements. 1. Phases and problems of foundation investigations. 2. General definitions. 3. General consideration. 4. Fact finding and geological exploration. 5. Reconnaissance or general exploration. 6. Detailed exploration. 7. Special exploration and undisturbed sampling. 8. Location and spacing. 9. Depth of exploration. 10. Sample requirements. Chapter 2: Methods of subsurface exploration. 1. General. 2. Geophysical methods. 3. Electrical methods. 4. Seismic methods. 5. Continuous vibration method. 6. Sounding methods. 7. Simple sounding rods. 8. Encased sounding rods. 9. Swedish soundings methods, 10. Borings. 11. Stabilization of bore holes. 12. Displacement boring. 13. Wash boring. 14. Percussion drilling. 15. Rotary drilling. 16. Auger borings. 17. Continuous sampling. 18. Accessible exploration. Chapter 3 Ground water observation. 1. General. 2. Ground water levels and pressures. 3. Time-lag in ground water observation. 4. Observation of loss or grain of water. 5. Measurement of depth to water surface. 6. Determination of the free ground- water level. 7. Determination of hydrostatic pressures. 8. Observation wells. 9. Yield and permeability. 10. Sampling of ground water. Chapter 4: Sampling methods and requirements. 1. General. 2. Disturbance of soil below a bore hole. 3. Cleaning of the borehole. 4. Summary. 5. Drive sampling. 6. Recovery ratios. 7. Principals dimension of drive samplers. 8. Methods of forcing a sampler into the soil. 9. Penetration resistance of drives samplers. 10. Open drive samplers. 11. Piston samplers. 12. Summary-design criteria for drive samplers. 13. The normal drives sampling operations. 14. Methods for preventing loss of samples. 15. Core barrels. 16. Drilling machines and operation of core barrels. 17. Core boring. 18. Core boring in rock. 19. Surfaces and control sampling. 20. Preservation and shipment of samples. 21. Handling of samples in the laboratory. Chapter 5: Sampling and soil types. 1. General. 2. Common cohesive and plastic soils. 3. Slightly cohesive and brittle soils. 4. Very soft and sticky soils. 5. Saturated silt and loose sand. 6. Compact or stiff and brittle soils. 7. Hard and partially cemented soils. 8. Coarse, gravelly and stony soils. 9. Influence of Air and other gases in the soil. 10. Influences of change and stratification. 11. Influences of secondary structures. Chapter 6: Disturbance of soil samples. 1. General. 2. Stress conditions in the ground. 3. Changes in stress conditions. 4. Change in water content and void ratio. 5. Disturbance of the soil structures. 6. Chemical changes. 7. Mixing and segregation of soil constituents. 8. Requirements for undisturbed samples. 9. Disturbance of undisturbed samples. 10. Future research. Chapter 7: Boring and sampling records. 1. General. 2. Comments on soil classification. 3. Records of reconnaissance borings. 4. Records of detailed explorations. 5. Records of special explorations. 6. Office and laboratory records. 7. Stratigraphical soil profiles. Part 2: Details of sampling equipment and methods. Chapter 8: Casing and drill rods. 1. General. 2. Standard pipes and couplings. 3. Special types of casing. 4. Diamond core drill casing and drill rods. 5. Special drill rods and couplings. 6. Standard A.P.I. drill pipe tool joints. Chapter 9: Open drives samplers. 1. General. 2. Thick-wall open drives samplers. 3. Thin-wall open drives samplers. 4. Thin-wall samplers with air connections. 5. Required dimensions of thin wall tubing. 6. Cutting edges on thin-wall tubing. 7. Cleaning and lacquering of tubing. 8. Review of simple is composite samplers. Chapter 10: Piston drives samplers. 1. General. 2. Scandinavian drives samplers with stationary pistons. 3. Thin-wall samplers with stationary piston. 4. Composite samplers with stationary piston. 5. Samplers with stationary piston and steel foils. 6. Drive samplers with retracted piston. 7. Drive samplers with free piston. Chapter 11: Special methods and equipment for preventing loss of samples. 1. General. 2. Minor modifications. 3. Maintenance of pressure below the sample. 4. Pre-advance and cleaning of the casing. 5. Spring and ribbons type core retainance. 6. Valve type core retainers. 7. Auxiliary barrels with bottom of the sample. 8. Solidification of the bottom of the samples. 9. Solidification of soil before sampling. 10. Partial dewatering by compressed air. Chapter 12. Drives samplers for submarine explorations. 1. General. 2. Standard gravity coring tubes. 3. Free-fall gravity coring tubes. 4. Coring tube driven by explosives. 5. Vacuum and piston coring tubes. Chapter 13: core boring methods and equipment. 1. General. 2. Single tube core barrels with metal teeth. 2. Double tube core barrels with metal teeth. 4. Shot core boring. 5. Diamond core boring. Chapter 14: Sampling in search of oil minerals. 1. General. 2. Regular rotary core barrels. 3. Wire-line or retractable core barriers. 4. Pressure core barrels. 5. Pressure core barrels. 6. Side wall samplers. 7. Surveying of bore holes. Chapter 15: Surfaces and control sampling. 1. General. 2. Representative samples and field volume determinations. 3. Open drives samplers for surface sampling. 4. Piston drives samplers for surfaces sampling. 5. Sampling by advance trimming. 6. Block sampling. 7. Surfaces core boring. Chapter 16: Preservation and handling of samples. 1. General. 2. Preservation rock cores. 3. Preservation of representative cores. 4. Dipping or encasing of samples in Paraffin. 5. Preservations of samples in long sampling tubes. 6. Preservations of samples in short tubes and liners. 7. Making, shipping and storage of samples. 8. Removal of seals and containers. 9. Removal of sample in increments. 10. Visual examination and slicing of samples. 11. Increasing the visibility of stratification. 12. Preservation and photographing have sliced samples. 13. Control and consistency test on samples.

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