PIERS, ABUTMENTS AND FORMWORK FOR BRIDGES

Part one: Piers. 1: Forces acting on the piers. 1.1 Classification. 1.2 The reactions of arches and spans and means of balancing these. 1.3 Horizontal forces applied by vehicles. 1.4 Action of water. 1.5 Floating bodies. 1.6 Ice. 1.7 Wind. 2: Mechanical strength of piers. 2.1 Shafts. 2.2 Foundations. 2.3 The shafts and foundation of pier as a whole-anchorage. 3: Strength of foundation soil. 3.1 Problem of foundation. 3.2 Foundations where the mass is supported directly by the soil. 3.3 Foundations on vertical piles. 4: Scour and the undermining of foundations. 4.1 Local scour of the river bed. 4.2 General scour. 4.3 Protection-general. Protection by riprap. 4.4 Safe depth for foundations directly by the soil. 4.5 Safe depth for foundations on vertical piles. 5: Various methods used in foundation engineering. 5.1 Sinking. 5.2 Compressed air. 5.3 Steel sheet piles. 5.4 Piles. 6. Shapes and design of piers. 6.1 Piers in a river. 6.2 Piers on a land site. Part two: Abutments. 1. Usual types of abutments-terminology. 1.1 Parts of a normal type of abutments. 1.2 Stability of the walls. 1.3 Choice between wing or return walls. 1.4 Monolithic. 2. General notes. 2.1 Loading. 2.2 Connection with the approach embankment. 2.3 Earth pressure. 2.4 Conditions for strength and stability. 2.5 Scour. 2.6 Foundation methods. 3. Examples of vault and arch abutments. 3.1 Abutments on land sites or rocky banks. 3.2 Abutments on loose banks. 4. Examples of abutments for bridges with vertical reactions. 4.1 Ballast walls. 4.2 Abutments on land sites. 4.3 Abutments on river banks. Part 3: Formwork. 1. Timber as a structural material. 1.1 The living origin of the material. 1.2 Moisture content. 1.3 Shrinkage. 1.4 Expansion through heat. 1.5 Mechanical strength. 1.6 Deformation under load. 1.7 Safe stresses. 2. Joints in structural carpentry. 2.1 Traditional structural carpentry. 2.2 Joining by mortar or concrete. 2.3 Ordinary bolts. 2.4 Grip bolts. 2.5 Metal gusset plates for bolted timber structures. 2.6 Nailed connections. 2.7 Combinations of different types of connection. 3. Erection of formwork- general considerations. 3.1 Loads on formwork. 3.2 Steel used for greater part of formwork. 3.3 Reduction in loading. 3.4 Principles of design and calculation. 3.5 Buckling of built up members. 4. Formwork with post, struts and rakers. 4.1 Fixed formwork for arches. 4.2 Fixed formwork for other structures. 4.3 Bracing. 4.4 Tubular steel formwork. 4.5 Where should fixed formwork be used? 5. Girder type formwork. 5.1 The use of steel structural sections. 5.2 Nailed wooden girders. 5.3 Steel truss girders. 6. Arch formwork. 6.1 General notes. 6.2 Construction of wooden truss work. 6.3 Erection and removal of formwork. 6.4 Very large formwork structures.

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