Environmental management for vector control in rice fields

1. Introduction. 1.1 The Problems of Vector-borne Disease in water developments. 1.2 Environmental management as a component of an integrated vector control strategy. 1.3 Definitions. 2. Disease, vectors and transmission. 2.1 Malaria. 2.2 Filariasis 2.3 Encephalitis and other arboviruses. 2.4 Schistosomiasis (Bilharziasis) 3. Vector ecology and rice field environment. 3.1 Soils. 3.2 Water. 3.3 Vegetation. 3.4 Climatic factors. 3.5 Diversity of rice fields environments. 4. Methods of vector-borne disease control. 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 Snails-Schistosomiasis. 4.2.1 Diagnosis and treatment. 4.2.2 Chemical control of snails (molluscicides) 4.2.3 Biological control. 4.2.4 Environmental design. 4.2.5 Environmental management. 4.2.6 Health education. 4.2.7 Personal protection against infection. 4.3 Mosquitoes- malaria, filariasis, arboviruses. 4.3.1 Therapy and prophylaxis. 4.3.2 Integrated management 4.3.3 Chemical control methods. 4.3.4 Biological control methods. 4.3.5 Environmental design. 4.3.6 Environmental management. 5. Rice plant characteristics and vector control. 5.1 Improved rice plant under irrigation conditions. 5.2 Improved plant type in rainfall shallow water conditions. 5.3 Improved plant type for semi-deep water rainfall conditions. 5.3.1 Improved plant type for medium deep waterlogged rained conditions. 5.3.2 Rained medium deep "mangrove" or tidal swamp conditions. 5.4. Deep water rained rice. 5.5 Other morphological and chemical characteristics. 6. Rice cultivation and vector control. 6.1 Land preparation and stand establishment. 6.1.1 Wetland tillage and establishment. 6.1.2 Dryland tillage. 6.1.3 Minimum or zero tillage. 6.2 Water management and variety improvements. 6.2.1 Submergence. 6.2.2 Water depth. 6.2.3 Drought - tolerant varieties to sustain longer water stress period and reduce submergence period during rice growth. 6.3 Early maturing varieties, rice cropping intensity and "continuous rice" ("Garden Rice"). 6.4 Weed control. 6.5 Fertilizers and pesticides. 6.5.1 Chemical fertilizers. 6.5.2 Green manure straw, vegetal residues. 6.5.3 Biological fertilizers (Azolla and blue green algae). 6.5.4 Pesticides. 6.6 Specific types of land reclamation. 6.6.1 Salt-affected soils. 6.6.2 Mangrove rice (mangle soil). 7. Environmental management. 7.1 The water body. 7.1.1 Effects of environmental changes. 7.1.2 Water storage. 7.1.3 The irrigation systems. 7.1.4 The drainage systems. 7.1.5 Ancillary structures. 7.1.6 The rice field and irrigation practices. 7.1.7 Marginal water bodies. 7.2 Vegetation. 7.2.1 Aquatic vegetation. 7.2.2 Terrestrial vegetation. 7.3 Settlement, structures service. 7.4 Social and economics issues. 8. Institutional and management needs. 8.1 Community. 8.2 Intersectional collaboration. 8.3 Planning, design and implementation. 8.4 Evaluation. 8.4.1 Operational evaluation. 8.4.2 Epidemiological evaluation. 8.4.3 Environmental impact assessment. 8.4.4 Economics impacts assessment. 8.5 Education, training and information. 8.6 Research and development. 9. Conclusion.

ENG