BRIDGE DESIGN FOR ECONOMY AND DURABILITY

Introduction. 1. Economy and durability in highway bridging. 1.1 Whole-life cost. 1.2 Design and construction economy. 1.3 Durability and maintenance economy. 1.4 Strengthening economy. 1.5 Road-widening economy. 1.6 References. New superstructures. 2. Advantages of deck continuity. 2.1 Deck continuity. 2.2 Advantages. 2.3 Savings in deck construction depth. 2.4 References. 3. Sucker decks. 3.1 The sucker deck principle. 3.2 Bending moments and stress in sucker decks. 3.3 Bridge headroom's. 3.4 Sucker decks over normal-crossfall carriageways. 3.5 Sucker decks over superelevated carriageways. 3.6 Sucker decks carrying steeply inclined side roads. 3.7 Sucker decks over highway interchanges. 3.8 Other advantages of sucker decks. 3.9 References. 4. Pseudo sucker decks. 4.1 What is a pseudo sucker decks? 4.2 Counterweight decks. 4.3 Cantilever deck construction. 4.4 References. 5. Precast concrete beam continuity. 5.1 Precast prestresses concrete beam decks. 5.2 Deck continuity. 5.3 Continuity detail type 1: wide in-situ integral crosshed. 5.4 Continuity detail type 2: narrow in-situ integral crosshed. 5.5 Continuity detail type 3: cast in two stages. 5.6 Continuity detail type 4: Continuous separated deck slab. 5.7 Continuity detail type 5: tied deck slab. 5.8 Choice of continuity methods. 5.9 Relative merits of type 1 method. 5.10 Relative merits of type 2 method. 5.11 References. 6. Draped and hybrid prestressed precast concrete beams. 6.1 Special requirements for pre-tensioned precast beams continuity. 6.2 Draped tendon pretensioned precast beams. 6.3 Hybrid presstressed precast beams. 6.4 References. New substructures. 7. Inboard piers. 7.1 Advantages of inboard piers. 7.2 Reduction in landtake for urban interchanges. 7.3 Skew bridge problems. 7.4 Early squared-up solutions to skew bridge problems. 7.5 Squared-up skew bridges using inboard piers. 7.6 Bridge standardization. 7.7 References. 8. Easing articulation restraint. 8.1 Bridge articulation. 8.2 Bridge movements. 8.3 Restraints to movement. 8.4 Minimizing articulation restraints. 8.5 Two bridge examples. 8.6 References. 9. Articulation of decks curved in plan. 9.1 Classical curved deck articulation. 9.2 Guided curved deck articulation. 9.3 Bray viaduct. 9.4 Reference. 10. Shock transmission units. 10.1 What is a shock transmission unit? 10.2 Use of the STU in bridges. 10.3 Design of multi-span bridge substructures. 10.4 Strengthening multi-span bridge substructure. 10.5 Parapet STU. 10.6 Rotational STU. 10.7 References. Bridge maintenance. 11. Designing for durability. 11.1 Bridge durability. 11.2 Road salt de-icing. 11.3 Typical salt attack zones. 11.4 Proposed measures to improve salt attack durability. 11.5 New materials. 11.6 References. Bridge deck strengthening with minimum traffic disruption. 12.1 Introduction. 12.2 Requirements for bridge strengthening with minimum traffic disruption. 12.3 In situ stress measurements. 12.4 Self-weight relief strengthening by prestressing. 12.5 Strengthening a reinforced concrete bridge deck by prestressing. 12.6 Strengthening a steel-concrete composite bridge deck by presstressing. 12.7 Strengthening a reinforced concrete bridge deck by load sharing with new steel beams. 12.8 References. 13. Extending the fatigue life of steel-concrete composite decks without traffic disruption. 13.1 Introduction. 13.2 Docklands light railway upgrading. 13.3 Testing the new shear connectors. 13.4 Installation of the new shear connectors. 13.5 Further development. 13.6 References. 14. Strengthening bridge substructures with minimum traffic disruption. 14.1 Introduction. 14.2 STUs for load-sharing between piers. 14.3 STUs for load sharing between viaducts. 14.4 References. Bridges for road widening. 15. Modifying existing bridges with minimum traffic disruption. 15.1 Introduction. 15.2 Underbridge modification. 15.3 Overbridge modification. 15.7 References. 16. Bridge replacement with minimum traffic disruption. 16.1 Introduction. 16.2Steel-concrete composite decks. 16.3 Steel-concrete prestressed composite decks. 16.4 Prestressed concrete decks. 16.5 References.

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