EARTH RETAINING STRUCTURES

Chapter 1: General consideration. Section 1.1: General. 1.11 Scope. 1.12 Definitions and symbols. Section 1.2 Site investigation. 1.21 General. 1.22 Soil classification. Section 1.3: Stability of the ground mass containing the structures. 1.31 General. Section 1.4: Calculations of forces on structures. 1.41 General. 1.42 Earth pressure at rest. 1.43 Active pressure. 1.44 Lateral pressure due to surcharge. 1.45 Passive resistance. 1.46 Earth pressure on sheet pile walls. 1.47 Bearing pressure on foundation soil. 1.48 Common causes of failure. 1.49: Factor of safety. Section 1.5: Design of earth retaining structures. 1.51 Types of structures. 1.52 Applicability. 1.53 Selection of type. 1.54 Design. 1.55 Permanent record of design data. Section 1.6: Design of piled foundations. 1.61. General. Section 1.7 Methods of construction. 1.71 General. 1.72 Walls below ground. 1.73 Walls in trench. 1.74 Walls above ground or in open cut. 1.75 Dewatering. 1.76 Weepholes and drains. Section 1.8: Backfilling. 1.81 General. 1.82 Materials. 1.83 Drainage. 1.84 Drainage layer. 1.85 Placing and compaction. Section 1.9: Maintenance after construction. 1.91 General. 1.92 Structural maintenance. 1.93 Clearances of weepholes and drains. 1.94 Scour in front wall. 1.95 Observations of wall movements. 1.96 Methods of restoring stability. Chapter 2: Gravity walls. Section 2.1 General. 2.11 Types of gravity walls. 2.12 Applicability. Section 2.2 Materials and stresses. 2.21 General. 2.22 Brickwork. 2.23 Stonework. 2.24 Mass concrete. Section 2.3: Design. 2.31 General principles. 2.32 Factors affecting design. Section 2.4: Construction details. 2.41 Brick walls. 2.42 Construction joints in mass concrete. 2.43 Contraction and slip joints. Section 2.5 Workmanship. 2.51 General. Section 2.6 Causes of failure peculiar to gravity walls. 2.61 General. Chapter 3: Reinforced concrete retaining walls. Section 3.1 General. 3.11 Types and sub-types. 3.12 Applicability as regards site conditions and cost. Section 3.2 Materials and stresses. 3.21 Materials. 3.22 Stresses. Section 3.3 Design. 3.31 General principles. 3.32 Special points. Section 3.4 Construction details. 3.41 Construction joints. 3.42 Expansion and contraction joints. 3.43 Temporary works. 3.44 Workmanship. Section 3.5: Causes of failure peculiar to reinforced concrete walls. 3.51 Progressive deterioration. Chapter 4: Sheet pile walls. Section 4.1 General. 4.11 Types of sheet pile walls. 4.12 Applicability. 4.2 Materials and stresses. 4.21 Timber sheet piles. 4.22 Reinforced concrete sheet piles. 4.23 Steel sheet piles and tie rods. Section 4.3 Design. 4.31 General principles. 4.32 Bending moment and penetration. 4.33 Walling. 4.34 Tie rods. 4.35 Anchorage. Section 4.4: Construction details. 4.41 Preliminary investigation. 4.42 Control of pile driving. 4.43 Weepholes. Section 4.5 Causes of failure peculiar to sheet pile walls. 4.51 Progressive deterioration. 4.52 Sudden failure. Chapter 5: Cribwork. Section 5.1 General. 5.11 Definitions. 5.12 Types of crib walls. 5.13 Applicability. Section 5.2 Materials and stresses. 5.21 Timber. 5.22 Types of crib walls. 5.23 Sizes of members. Section 5.3: Design. 5.31 General. 5.32 Stability of wall. 5.33 Filling material. Section 5.4 Construction details. 5.41 Construction of filling. 5.42 Connections between units. 5.43 Weepholes. 5.44 Batter. Chapter 6: Revetments. Section 6.1 General. 6.11 General. 6.12 Definitions. 6.13 Types and applicability Chapter 7: Walls subject to wave action. Section 7.1 General. 7.11 Special precautions. 7.12 Wave action. 7.13 Profile of wall. 7.14 Types of construction. Section 7.2 Materials. 7.21 Concrete. 7.22 Steel. 7.23 Timber. Section 7.3 Design. 7.31 Design details. 7.32 Siting. Section 7.4 Construction details. 7.41 Precautions during construction. 7.42 Information to be exchanged. Section 7.5 Maintenance. 7.51 General.

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