HYDRAULICS OF DAMS AND RESERVOIRS

Chapter 1: HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF DAM CONSTRUCTION. 1.1 INTRODUCTION. 1.1.1 Worldwide Dam Constructions. A. Early Dams in Persia. B. Early Dams in the Middle East. C. Early Dams in Spain. D. Early Dams in the Americas. HYDRAULIC STRUCTURES OF ANATOLIAN PENINSULA BEFORE THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE. 1.2.1 Dams and Construction Techniques Used by Romans in Anatolia. A. Purpose of Building Dams by the Romans. B. Construction Techniques Used by the Romans. 1.2.2 Dams Constructed by Urartu. 1.3 DAMS CONSTRUCTED DURING THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE. 1.3.1 Techniques Used and Developed by the Ottoman Turks for Construction of Dams. 1.3.2 Characteristics of Ottoman Dams. 1.4 RECENT TECHNIQUES USED FOR CONSTRUCTION OF DAMS. Chapter 2: INTRODUCTORY CONCEPTS ON DAM SPILLWAYS. 2.1. INTRODUCTION. 2.2. SELECTION OF SPILLWAY LAYOUT, SPILLWAY TYPE AND CLASSIFICATION OF SPILLWAYS. 2.2.1 Selection of Spillway Layout. A. Spillway Layout for Embankment Type Dams. B. Spillway Layout for Concrete and Masonry Dams. 2.2.2 Type and Classification of Spillways. A. Straight-Drop Spillways. B. Special Types of Control Structures. C. Creager Type Profile. D. Second and Third Degree Parabola Profiles. E. Compound Profile. F. Compressed Profile. G. Broad-Crested Profile. H. Side Spillways. L. Shaft Spillways. I. Siphon Spillways. K. Box Inlet Spillways or Tunnel Spillways. L. Gated Spillway. 2.3 SPILLWAY COMPONENTS. 2.3.1 Approach Channel. A. Upstream Inlet. B. Layout. C. Maximum Velocity Permitted. 2.3.2. Control Structure. A. Side Walls. B. Side Piers. C. Control Devices. D. Piers. E. Operating Bridge, Road Bridge. F. Gates. 2.3.3 Downstream Channel. 2.3.4 Terminal Structures. 2.4 BASIC CONCEPTS IN THE CHOICE OF DESIGN FLOOD AND THE OPERATION OF RESERVOIRS. 2.4.1 General Consideration. 2.4.2 Magnitude of the Outlet Flow. 2.4.3 Operation of Reservoirs. 2.5 SELECTION OF SPILLWAY TYPE. 2.5.1 The Selection of Spillway Type as a Function of the Type of Dam. 2.5.2 Selection of the Type of Spillway as a Function of Topography of the Dam Site. 2.5.3 Selection of the Type of Spillway as a Function of the Geology of the Dam Site. A. Existence of High Hydrostatic Pressures. B. Existence of Vibration on the Control Structure or on the Terminal Structure. C. Spillways with Erodible Foundations. 2.5.4 Selection of Spillway Type as a Function of Hydrologic Conditions. 2.5.5 The Selection of Spillway Type as a Function of Economic Conditions. A. Use of Materials Obtained from Excavations of Foundations of Spillways as Fill Materials. B. Economic Study for Free Flow Spillways. C. Economic Study of Gated Spillways. 2.6 BASIC DATA USED FOR SPILLWAY DESIGN. 2.6.1 General Data. A. Topographic Maps. B. Hydrologic Data. C. Climatic Data. D. Geologic Data. E. Ecologic Data. 2.6.2 Reservoir Data. 2.7 RISK ANALYSIS IN SPILLWAY DESIGN. 2.7.1 Hazards. 2.7.2 Quantitative Risk Analysis. 2.8 PROBLEMS. Chapter 3: HYDRAULICS OF FREE FLOW SPILLWAYS. 3.1 INTRODUCTION. 3.2 HYDRAULICS OF APPROACH CHANNEL. 3.2.1 Hydraulic Computati on of the Approach Channel for Uniform Flow. 3.2.2 Hydraulic Computation of the Approach Channel for Gradually Varied Flow. A. The Flow is Gradually Varied When the Geometric Properties Satisfy the Following Conditions. B. The Flow is Gradually Varied When the Hydraulic Properties Satisfy the Following Conditions. 3.3 HYDRAULICS OF FREE FLOW SPILLWAYS 3.3.1 Coefficient of Chapter 5: HYDRAULICS OF SPECIAL TYPES OF SPILLWAYS. 5.1 INTRODUCTION. 5.2 HYDRAULICS OF BROAD-CRESTED WEIR SPILLWAYS. 5.3 HY DRAULICS OF SIDE SPILLWAYS. 5.3.1 Graphical Solution. A. Computation of the Crest Length, L, of a Side Spillway for Given Geometrical Characteristics and for the Discharge Q5. B. Discharge Computation, Q5 of a Side Spillway with Given Characteristics. 5.3.2 Analytical Solution. 5.3.3 Flow Profile Over Side Spillway. 5.3.4 Flow Downstream of the Side Spillway. A. Flow with Increasing Discharge. B. Flow with Decreasing Discharge. C. Method of Numerical Integration. 5.4 HYDRAULICS OF SHAFT SPILLWAYS. 5.4.1. Flow at the Weir Entrance. 5.4.2 Flow in the Shaft. 5.4.3 flow at the Limit of Submergence. 5.4.4 Profile of the Lower Nappe in Shaft Spillways. 5.5 HYDRAULICS OF SIPHON SPILLWAYS. 5.5.1 Hydraulic Computation for the Siphon Spillway. A. Graphical Solution. B. Analytical Solution. 5.6 PROBLEMS. Chapter 6: HYDRAULICS OF THE DOWNSTREAM CHANNEL. 6.1 INTRODUCTION. 6.2 HYDRAULIC PROBLEMS DOWNSTREAM OF SPILLWAYS. 6.2.1 Submerged Flow. 6.2.2 Hydraulics of Downstream Channel. A. Buildup of the Boundary Layer; the Bauer's Procedure, B. Buildup of Boundary Layer: the Corps of Engineers Procedure. C. Flow at the toe of Spillway, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Procedure. D. Air Injection in the Flow Taking Place on the Downstream Face of a Spillway to Prevent Erosion of the Concrete Surface by Cavitation. 6.3 RETURN OF FLOW TO THE MAIN WATER COURSE WITH ENERGY DISSIPATION. 6.4 STILLING BASINS. 6.4.1 Direct Water Return Hydraulics. 6.4.2 Stilling Basins Hydraulics. A. Depth of Hydraulic Jump B. Length of Hydraulic Jump. C. Location of the Hydraulic Jump. D. Energy Loss in Hydraulic Jump. E. The Flow Profile. F Types of Jump. 6.4.3 Types of Stilling Basins. A. Lined Downstream Channel - Type I. B. USBR Stilling Basin Type II, Fri > 4.50. C. SAF Stilling Basin. 6.4.4 Guidelines for Design. 6.4.5 Design of Basin II. 6.4.6 Design of SAF Basin. 6.4.7 Hydraulics of Ski Jumps. A. Simple Jump. B. Deflectors. C. Special Types of Deflectors. 6.5 PROBLEMS. Chapter 7: STATIC AND DYNAMIC LOADS ON SPILLWAY. 7.1 INTRODUCTION. 7.2 STATIC LOADS. 7.2.1 Forces Due to the Weight of the Construction Material. 7.2.2 External Water Pressure, Pressure due to Silt Load. A. External Water Pressure. B. Silt Pressure. 7.2.3 Ice Pressure. A. Computation of Thickness of Ice. B. Computation of Ice Pressure. 7.2.4 Temperature Stresses. 7.3 DYNAMIC LOADS ON SPILLWAYS. 7.3.1 Uplift Forces. A. Lane's Procedure. B. Flow Net Procedure. 7.3.2 Wave Pressure. 7.3.3 Earthquake Forces. A. Horizontal Thrust. B. Vertical Thrust. 7.3.4 Tractive Force due to Flow. 7.4 PROBLEMS. Chapter 8: HYDRAULICS OF RESERVOIRS. 8.1 INTRODUCTION. 8.1.1 Area-Capacity Curves. 8.2 WIND, TIDES AND WAVES IN RESERVOIRS. 8.2.1 Computation of Fetch. 8.2.2 Computation of Wind Velocity. 8.2.3 Computation of Wave Height. A. U.S. Bureau of Reclamation Formula. B. Ocean Formula. C. Stefenson Formula. D. U.S. Army Corns of Engineers Formua. E. Falvey's Formula. 8.2.4 Computation of Wave Run-up. 8.2.5 Computation of Wave Set-up. 8.2.6 Computation of Freeboard. 8.3 BEACH EROSION. 8.3.1 Wave Action. 8.3.2 Action of Water Surface Drop in the Reservoir. 8.4 RESERVOIR DEPOSITS - RESERVOIR SILTING. 8.4.1 Backwater Deposit. A. Local effects. B. Upstream effects. C. Downstream effect. 8.4.2 Delta Formation. A. Hydraulic Condition of the Delta Formation. 8.4.3 Bottom Deposits. 8.4.4 Density of Deposits. 8.5 DENSITY CURRENTS. 8.5.1 Hydraulics of Density Current, 8.5.2 Resistance Laws for Uniform Underflow. A. Laminar flow. B. Turbulent Flow. 8.6 ADDITIONAL LOAD FROM MUD LAKES IMMEDIATELY UPSTREAM OF DAMS. 8.6.1 Rate of Silting and Trap Efficiency of Reservoirs. 8.7 PROBLEMS. Chapter 9: HYDRAULICS OF BODIES OF DAMS. 9.1 NTRODUCTION. 9.2 COMPUTATION OF FREEBOARD. 9.3 DETERMINATION OF CREST WIDTH. 9.4 SLOPE PROTECTION. 9.4.1 Weight of Rock Used to Protect Slopes of Dams. 9.4.2 Thickness of Dumped Stone Riprap Layer. 9.4.3 Riprap Stability Downstream of Stilling Basins. A. ASCE Task Committee on Preparation of a Sedimentation Manual Approach. B. Bureau of Reclamation's Approach. 9.5 LEAKAGE THROUGH DAM BODY. 9.5.1 Seepage Through Impervious Core. A. Position of Seepage Line. B. The Flow Net. C. Discharge by Leakage through Impervious Core 9.5.2 Filters in Fill-Type Dams. A. Composition of Filters. B. Thickness of Filters. 9.6 MEASURING DEVICES FOR OBSERVATION OF DAM PERFORMANCE. 9.6.1 Measuring Devices. A. Piezometers. B. Settlement Measuring Devices. C. Measurement of Leakage Discharge. D. Measurement Wells. E. Surface Marks for Measuring Horizontal Movement and Settlement of Embankment. 9.7 PROBLEMS. Chapter 10: HYDRAULICS OF DIVERSION STRUCTURES. 10.1 INTRODUCTION. 10.2 DETERMINATION OF THE DESIGN DISCHARGE. 10.3 DETERMINATION OF THE NUMBER OF DIVERSION TUNNELS. 10.4 OPTIMIZATION ANALYSIS OF DIVERSION STRUCTURE'S DIMENSIONS. 10.5 HYDRAULICS OF DIVERSION STRUCTURES. 10.5.1 Flow Taking Place in the Diversion Tunnel. 10.5. Hydraulics of Tunnels of Circular Cross Section. A.

Pressure Flows Throughout Tunnel. B. Tunnel Flowing Partially Full. C. Subpressure in Tunnel 10.6 DESIGN OF DIVERSION STRUCTURES. 10.6.1 Layout. 10.6.2 Number of Tunnels. 10.6.3 Determination of the Crest Level of the Cofferdams and the Diameters of the Diversion Tunnels. 10.6.4 Detailed Hydraulic Computation of Diversion System. 10.6.5 Design of Diversion Systems. A. General Principles for Design of Cofferdams. 10.6.6 Hydraulic Computation of Diversion Systems with Two Diversion Tunnels. A. Data Concerning Hydraulics of Diversion Systems. B. Hydraulic Computation of Diversion Systems. 10.7 PROBLEMS. Chapter 11: HYDRAULICS OF OUTLET WORKS. 11.1 INTRODUCTION. 11.2 HYDRAULICS OF OUTLET WORKS, LOCAL HEAD LOSSES. 11.2.1 Local Head Loss due to Trashrack. 11.2.2 Local Head Loss due to Entrances. 11Local Head Loss Due to Bends. 11.2.4 Local Head Loss Due to Transitions. A. Abrupt Transitions. B. Gradual Transitions. 11.2.5 Head Loss Due to Friction or Flow Resistance. 11.2.6 Head Losses and Head Required to Produce Flow through Gates and Valves. 11.3 FLOW EQUATION AND BASIC COMPUTATIONAL APPROACHES. 11.3 The Flow Equation for the Outlet Works. 11.3.2 Determination of Sill Level. 11.3.3 Determination of the Driest and Wettest Years. 11.4 PROBLEMS. Chapter 12: DEGRADATION, AGGRADATION AND LOCAL SCOUR IN DOWNSTREAM CHANNELS AT DAMS. 12.1 INTRODUCTION. 12.2 DEGRADATION PHENOMENA. 12.2.1 Confined Flow. 12.2.2 Overbank and Channel Flow. 12.3 LOCAL SCOUR. 12.3.1 Mechanism of Local Scour. 12.3.2 Evaluation of Local Scour. A. Scour Around Controlled Waterway Openings. B. Local Scour around Piers. C. Local Scour around Embankment. D. Local Scour Downstream of Hydraulic Structures. 12.4 DEGRADATION OF STREAM BEDS. 12.4.1 Mechanism of Degradation. 12.4.2 Evaluation of Degradation. A. Computation of River Beds in Equilibrium. Gamal Mostafa Suggestion. B. The Komura and Simons Approach for Computing Bed Degradation. 12.5 THE ARMORING OF RIVER BEDS. 12.5.1 The Armoring Process. 12.6 PROBLEMS. Chapter 13: MODEL TECHNIQUES USED FOR SOLVING SPECIAL FLOW PROBLEMS. 13.1 INTRODUCTION. 13.2 MODEL STUDIES OF SPILLWAYS. 13.2.1 Problems Concerning Flow Approaching the Spillway. A. Spillway is on the Dam Body. B. Model Study of Skew and Related Problems. 13.2.2 Problems Concerning Flow Taking Place in the Approach Channel. A. Evaluation of Head Losses at the Entrance of the Approach Channel. B. Study of Separation Zones in the Approach Channel. C. Study of Uniform Flow in the Approach Channel. D. Problems Concerning the Lining of the Bottom and Side Slopes. E. Problems Caused by the Flow Overtopping the Guide Walls. 13.2.3 Flow Problems at and around Spillways. A. Free Flow on Ungated Spillways. B Problems Pertaining to Gated Spillways. 13.2.4 Model Studies of Restitution of Water to the Main Water Course. A. Problems Involved with Submergence. B. Study of Velocity Distribution in the Downstream Discharge Canal. C. Study of Pressure Distribution in the Downstream Discharge Canal. D. Study of Cross Waves in the Downstream Discharge Canal. E. Study of Air Entrainment in the Downstream Discharge Canal. F. Study of Head Losses in the Downstream Discharge Canal. 6. Study of Energy Dissipation. 13.2.5 Model Studies of Flow in the Downstream Water Course. A. Riverbed Deformation Downstream of the Dam. B. Investigation of the Water Surface Profile in the River Bed at the End of Scouring. C. Investigation of Return Currents Caused by the Flood Discharge. D. Investigation of Water Surface Profile Resulting from Dam Failure. F. Determination the Flow Direction after Construction. 13.3 MODEL STUDIES OF CLOSED CONDUITS. 13.3.1 Free Flow in Closed Conduits. A. Uniform Flow in Closed Conduits. 13.3.2 Gradually Varied Flow in Closed Conduits. A. Rapidly Varied Flow in Closed Conduits, Aeration and Pulsating Flow Problems. B. Pressure Flow in Closed Conduit. 13.4 MODEL STUDY OF LEAKAGE. 13.5 MODEL STUDIES OF HYDRAULIC STRUCTURES. 13.5.1 Diversion Problems. A. Location of the Diversion Conduit Entrance. B. Optimum Dimensions of the Diversion System. C~ Operation of the Diversion System during Maximum Flood. 13.5.2 Cofferdam Failure Problems. 13.5.3 Water Intake Problems. 13.5.4 Water Outlet Problems. 13.5.5 Head Structure Problems. A. Problems Pertaining to Weirs in a Head Structure. B. Problems Concerned with Turnout. 13.6 PROBLEMS.

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