APPLIED PRINCIPLES OF HYDROLOGY

1. The Water Cycle. EARTH-THE BLUE PLANET, THE WATER CYCLE - Water in Motion 2. The Structure and Properties of Water. MOLECULAR STRUCTURE OF WATER - The Hydrogen Bond. PROPERTIES OF WATER - Thermal Properties, Viscosity, Compressibility, Surface Tension, Capillarity, Water as a Solvent, Electrical Properties. 3. Water in the Air: Evaporation and Condensation. EVAPORATION - The Process of Evaporation, Measuring Evaporation, Estimating Evaporation from Weather Data, Practical Importance of Evaporation Data. CONDENSATION - The Process of Condensation, Measurement of Condensation. APPLICATIONS - Suppressing Evaporation to Reduce Water Loss, Disposal of Wastewater by Evaporation, Evaporative Cooling of industrial Process Water. 4. Precipitation. THE PROCESS OF PRECIPITATION - Forms of Precipitation, Types of Precipitation, Measurement of Precipitation, Precipitation Patterns in Space and Time, Interpretation and Analysis of Precipitation Data. SNOW - Measuring Snow to Predict Runoff. INTERCEPTION. APPLICATIONS - Weather Modification, Cloud Seeding in Practice, Environmental Effects of Weather Modification. 5. Infiltration and Soil Water. INFILTRATION - What is Soil? Zones of Subsurface Water, The Process of Infiltration. SOIL WATER - Soil as a Porous Medium, Soil Water in Storage, Soil Water in Motion. APPLICATIONS - Irrigation, Groundwater Recharge, Gold Recovery by Heap Leaching. 6. Evapotranspiration. THE PROCESS OF TRANSPIRATION. OSMOSIS-A PROCESS OF SELECTIVE DIFFUSION. MEASURING EVAPOTRANSPIRATION - Basin Water Balance, Lysimeter Method, Neutron Probe Method. ESTIMATION OF EVAPOTRANSPIRATION FOR A GROWING CROP. POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION. EFFECT OF EVAPOTRANSPIRATION ON WATER SUPPLY - Changes in Runoff, Changes in Groundwater Storage. PHREATOPHYTES-WATER THIEVES OF THE DESERT - Common Phreatophytes. APPLICATIONS - Evapotranspiration as a Method for Waste Disposal. 7. Groundwater. THE GROUNDWATER RESERVOIR - Areas of Natural Recharge and Discharge. AQUIFERS - Geology of Aquifers, Confined and Unconfined Aquifers, The Function of Aquifris in the Water Cycle. AQUIFERS AS RESERVOIRS: GROUNDWATER IN STORAGE - Storage in Unconfined Aquifers, Storage in Confined Aquifers, Storage in Relation to Geology. INTERPRETATION OF WATER LEVELS IN A CALIFORNIA RESERVOIR - Declining Water Levels and Storage Reduction, Water Level Contour Map, Groundwater Hydrograph, Water Level Profile, Rising Water Levels-an Increase in Storage. AQUIFERS AS CONDUITS-GROUNDWATER IN MOTION - The Concept of Permeability, Groundwater Discharge Through Wells. APPLICATIONS - The Dakota Artesian Basin, The Great Artesian Basin, Why Do Artesian Wells Flow? Storing Surplus Water Underground. 8. Runoff. THE RUNOFF CYCLE. FACTORS AFFECTING RUNOFF - Climate, Physical Characteristics of the Drainage Basin, Land Use: Human Alterations of the Environment. MEASUREMENT OF RUNOFF - Measuring Streamflow, The Stream Hydrograph. THE STREAM CHANNEL AND ITS FLOODPLAIN - The Channel, The Floodplain. FLOODS - Flood Control. APPLICATIONS - The Colorado River Basin. 9. Chemical Quality of Natural Water. WHAT IS SALINITY? - When Is Water Saline? DISSOLVED SOLIDS - Major Constituents, Minor Constituents in Sea Water. GLOBAL CIRCULATION OF DISSOLVED SOLIDS - Salt in the Oceans, Salt in the Atmosphere, Salt in Surface Water, Salt in Groundwater. HOW QUALITY AFFECTS USE - Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Electrical Conductivity (EC), Hardness, Minor Constituents in Surface and Underground Waters. APPLICATIONS - Extracting Minerals from Natural Waters. 10. The Water Cycle and Man. THE BEGINNING OF WESTERN CIVILIZATION - The Egyptians and Mesopotamians, The Greeks and Romans. THE MIDDLE AGES. MODERN TIMES-THE AGE OF SCIENCE. WATER PROBLEMS-ANCIENT AND MODERN - Salinization of Agricultural Soils, Sediment in Reservoirs, The Myth of Flood Control.

ENGLISH