FLUID MECHANICS

Part I Elements of fluids mechanics 1. Fluids and their properties 1.1 .Fluids 1.2. Shear stress in a moving fluids 1.3. Differences between solids and fluids 1.4. Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids 1.5. Liqiuds and gases 1.6. Molecular structure of materials 1.7. The continuum concept of a fluids 1.8. Density 1.9. Viscosity 1.10. Causes of a viscosity in gases 1.11. Causes of a viscosity in a liquid 1.12. Surface tension 1.13. Capillarity 1.14. Vapour pressure 1.15. Cavitation 1.16. Compressibility and the bulk modulus 1.17. Equation of state of a perfect gas 1.18. The universal gas consultant 1.19. Specific heat of a gas 1.20. Expansion of a gas. 2. Pressure and head 2.1. Statistic of fluids system 2.2. Pressure 2.3. Pascal's law for pressure at a point 2.4. Variation of pressure vertically in a fluids under gravity 2.5. Equality of pressure at the same level in a static fluids 2.6. General equation for the variation of pressure due to gravity from point to point in a static fluids 2.7. Variation of pressure with altitude in a fluid of constant density 2.8. Variation of pressure with altitude in a gas at constant temperature 2.9. Variation of pressure with altitude in gas under adiabatic condition 2.10. Variation of pressure and density with altitude for a constant temperature gradient 2.11. Variation of temperature and pressure in the atmosphere 2.12. Stability of the atmosphere 2.13. Pressure and head 2.14. The hydrostatic paradox 2.15. Pressure measurement by manometer 2.16. Relative equilibrium 2.17. Pressure distribution in a liquid subject to horizontal acceleration 2.18. Effect of vertical acceleration 2.19. General expression for the pressure in a fluids in relative equilibrium 2.20. Forced vortex. 3.Static forces on surfaces. Buoyancy 3.1. Action of fluids pressure on a surface 3.2. Resultant force and centre of pressure on a plane surface under uniform pressure 3.3. Resultant force and centre of pressure on a plane surface immersed in a liquid 3.4. Pressure diagrams 3.5. Forced on a curved surface due to hydrostatic pressure 3.6. Buoyancy 3.7. Equilibrium of floating bodies 3.8. Stability of a submerged body 3.9. Stability of floating bodies 3.10. Determination of metacentric height 3.11. Determination of the position of the metacentre relative to the centre of buoyancy 3.12. Periodic time of oscillation 3.13. Stability of a vessel carrying liquid in tanks with a free surface. Part II Concept of fluids flow 4.Motion of fluids particles and streams 4.1. Fluid flow 4.2. Uniform flow and steady flow 4.3. Frames of reference 4.4. Real and ideal fluids 4.5. Compressible and incompressible flow 4.6. One-,two-and three-dimensional flow 4.7. Analyising fluids flow 4.8. Motion of a fluids particle 4.9. Acceleration of a fluid particle 4.10. Laminar and turbulent flow 4.11. Discharge and mean velocity 4.12. Continuity of flow 4.13. Continuity equations for three-dimensional flow using Cartesian coordinates 4.14. Continuity equation for cylindrical coordinates. 5. The momentum equation and its applications 5.1. Momentum and fluid flow 5.2. Momemtum equation for two-and three-dimensional flow along a streamline 5.3. Momentum correction factor 5.4. Gradual acceleration of a fluids in a pipeline neglecting elasticity 5.5. Force exerted by a jet striking a flat plate 5.6. Force due to the deflection of a jet by a curved vane 5.7. Force exerted when a jet is deflected by a moving curved vane 5.8. Force exerted on pipe bends and closed conduct 5.9. Reaction of a jet 5.10. Drag exerted when a fluids flows over a flat plate 5.11. Angular motion 5.12. Euler's equation of motion along a streamline 5.13. Pressure waves and the velocity of sound in a fluids. 6. The energy equation and its applications 6.1. Mechanical energy of a flowing fluid 6.2. Steady flow energy equation 6.3. Kinetic energy equation 6.4. Representation of energy changes in a fluid system 6.5. The Pitot tube 6.6. Changes of pressure in a tapering pipe 6.7. Principle of the venturi meter 6.8. Pipe orifices 6.9. Limination on the velocity of flow in a pipeline 6.10. Theory of small orifices discharging to atmosphere 6.11. Theory of large orifices 6.12. Elementary theory of notches and weirs 6.13. The power of a stream of fluid 6.14. Radial flow 6.15. Flow in a curved path. Pressure gradient and change of total energy across the streamlines 6.16. Vortex motion. 7. Two-dimensional ideal flow 7.1. Rotational and irrotational flow 7.2. Circulation and vorticity 7.3. Streamlines and the stream function 7.4. Velocity potential flow 7.5. Relationship between stream function and velocity potential; flow nets 7.6. Straight line flows and their combinations 7.7. Combined source and sink flows; doublet 7.8. Flow past a cylinder 7.9. Curved flows and their combinations 7.10. Flow past a cylinder with circulation; Kutta-Joukowinski's law 7.11. Computer program 'ROTACYL'. Part III Behaviour of real fluids 8. Laminar and turbulent flow in bounded systems 8.1. Incompressible, steady and uniform laminar flow between parallel plates 8.2. Incompressible, steady and uniform laminar flow in circular cross-section pipes 8.3. Incompreesible, steady and uniform turbulent flow in bounded conduits 8.4. Sincompressible, steady and uniform turbulent flow in circular cross-section pipes 8.5. Steady and uniform turbulent flow in open channels 8.6. Velocity distribution in turbulent, fully developed pipe flow 8.7. Velocity distribution in fully developed, turbulent flow in open channels 8.8. Separation losses in pipe flow 8.9. Computer program 'CBW' 8.10. Further reading. 9. Boundary layer 9.1. Qualitative description of the boundary layer 9.2. Dependence of pipe flow on boundary layer development at entry 9.3. Factor affecting transition from laminar to turbulent flow regimes 9.4. Discussion of flow pattern and regions within the turbulent boundary layer 9.5. Prantdl mixing length theory 9.6. Definitions of boundary layer thicknesses 9.7. Application of momentum equation to general section of boundary layer 9.8. Properties of the laminar boundary layer formed over flat plate in the absence of a pressure gradient in the flow direction 9.9. Properties of the turbulent boundary layer over a flat plate in the absence of a pressure gradient in the flow direction 9.10. Effect of surface roughness on turbulent boundary layer development and skin friction coefficients 9.11. Effect of pressure gradient on boundary layer development. 10. Incompressible flow round a body 10.1. Regimes flow round a body 10.2. Drag 10.3. Drag coefficient and similarity consideration 10.4. Resistance of ships 10.5. Flow past a cylinder 10.6. Flow past a sphere Flow past an infinitely long aerofoil 10.7. Flow past an aerofoil of finite length 10.9. Wakes and drag 10.10. Computer program 'WAKE'. 11. Compressible flow round a body 11.1. Effect of compressibility 11.2. Shock waves 11.3. Oblique shock waves 11.4. Supersonic expansion and compression 11.5. Computer program 'NORSH'. Part IV Steady flow in pipelines and open channels 12. Steady, incompressible flow in pipelines and pipe networks 12.1. General approach 12.2. Incompressible flow through pipes 12.3. Computer program 'SIPHON' 12.4. Incompressible flow through pipes in series 12.5. Incompressible flow through pipes in parallel 12.6. Incompressible flow through branching pipes: the three-reservoir problem 12.7. Resistance coefficients for pipelines in series and parallel 12.8. Incompressible flow in a pipeline with uniform draw-off 12.9. Incompressible flow through a pipe network 12.10. Head balance method for pipe networks 12.11. Computer program 'HARDYC' 12.12. The quantity balance method for pipe networks 12.13. Further reading. 13. Power transmission by pipeline 13.1. Transmission of power by pipeline 13.2. Condition for transmission of maximum power through a given pipeline 13.3. Relationship of nozzle diameter to pipe diameter for maximum power transmission. 14. Compressible flow in pipes 14.1. Compressible flow : the basic equations 14.2. Steady, isentropic flow in non-parallel-sided ducts neglecting friction 14.3. Mass flow through a venturi meter 14.4. Mass flow from a reservoir through an orifice or convergent-divergent nozzle 14.5. Conditions for maximum discharge from a reservoir through a convergent-divergent duct or orifice 14.6. The Laval nozzle 14.7. Normal shock wave in diffuser 14.8.

Compressible flow in duct with friction under adiabatic condition: Fanno flow 14.9. Isothermal flow of a compressible fluid in a pipeline. 15. Uniform flow in open channels 15.1. Flow with a free surface in open channel and ducts 15.2. Resistance formula for steady uniform flow in open channels 15.3. Optimum shape of cross-section for uniform flow in open channels 15.4. Optimum depth for flow with a free surface in covered channels 15.5. Further reading. 16. Non-uniform flow in open channels 16.1. Specific energy and alternative depth of flow 16.2. Critical depth in non-rectangular channels 16.3. Computer program 'CRITNOR' 16.4. Non-dimensional specific energy curves 16.5. Occurrence of critical flow condition 16.6. Flow over a broad-crested weir 16.7. Effect of lateral contraction of a channel 16.8. Non-uniform, steady flow in channels 16.9. Equations for gradually varied flow 16.10. Classification of water surface profiles 16.11. The hydraulic jump 16.12. Location of an hydraulic jump 16.13. Computer program 'CHANNEL' 16.14. Further reading. Part V Unsteady flow in bounded systems 17. Quasi-steady flow. 18. Unsteady flow in closed pipeline systems 18.1. Rigid column theory 18.2. Surge tanks and shafts 18.3. Computer program 'SHAFT'. 19. Pressure transient theory 19.1. Differential equations defining transient propagation 19.2. The effect of pipe elasticity and free gas on wave propagation velocity 19.3. Computer program 'WAVESPD' 19.4. Simplification of the basic pressure transient equations 19.5. The Schnyder-Bergeron graphical method 19.6. The method of characteristics 19.7. Colunm separation 19.8. Computer program 'SURGE' 19.9. Open channel and partially filled pipes 19.10. Computer program 'WAVES' 19.11. Further reading. 20. Surge control 20.1. Control of surge following valve closure with pump running 20.2. Control of surge following pump shut down 20.3. Further reading. Part VI Fluid machinery 21. Theory of rotodynamic machines 21.1. Introduction 21.2. One-dimensional theory 21.3. Isolated blade and cascade consideration 21.4. Departure from Euler's theory and losses 21.5. Compressible flow through rotodynamic machines 21.6. Further reading. 22. Performance of rotodynamic machine 22.1. The concept of performance characteristics 22.2. Losses and efficiencies 22.3. Dimensionless coefficients and similarly laws 22.4. Computer program 'SIMPUMP' 22.5. Scale effect 22.6. Type number 22.7. Centrifugal pumps and fans 22.8. Axial flow pumps and fans 22.9. Mixed flow pumps and fans 22.10. Water turbines 22.11. The Pelton wheel 22.12. Francis turbines 22.13. Axial flow turbines 22.14. Hydraulic transmission. 23. Positive displacement machines 23.1. Reciprocating 23.2. Rotary pumps 23.3. Rotary gear pumps 23.4. Rotary vane pumps 23.5. Rotary piston pumps 23.6. Hydraulic motors. 24. Pipe-machine systems 24.1. Pump and pipe system 24.2. Parallel and siries pump operation 24.3. Change in the pump system 24.4. Change in pump size and the system 24.5. Computer program 'MATCH' 24.6. Citivation in pumps and turbines 24.7. Pump selection. Part VII Dimensional analysis 25. Dimensional analysis 25.1. Dimensional analysis 25.2. Dimensions 25.3. Units 25.4. Dimensional reasoning 25.5. Dimensionaless quantities 25.6. Fundamentals and derived units and dimensional 25.7. Dimensional of derivatives and integrals 25.8. Use of dimensional reasoning to check calculations 25.9. Units of derived quantities 25.10. Conversion from one system of units to another 25.11. Conversion of dimensional constants 25.12. Construction of relationship by the dimensional analysis using the indicial method 25.13. Dimensional analysis by the group method 25.14. The significance of dimensionless group 25.15. The use of dimensionless group in experimental investigation 25.16. Further reading. 26. Similarity 26.1. Geometric similarity 26.2. Dymanic similarity 26.3. Model studies for flows without a free surface 26.4. Zone of dependence of Reynolds and Mach numbers 26.5. Model studies in cases involving free surface flow 26.6. Similarity applied to rotodinamic machines 26.7. River and harbour models 26.8. Further reading. Appendix 1: Some properties of common fluids A.1.1. Variation of some properties of water with temperature A.1.2. Variation of bulk modulus of elasticity of water with temperature and pressure A.1.3. Variation of some properties of air with temperature at atmospheric pressure A.1.4. Some properties of common liquids A.1.5. Some properties of common gasses (at p=1 atm, T=273 K ) A.1.6. International standard atmosphere A.1.7. Solubility of an air in pure water at various temperatures A.1.8. Absolute viscosity of some common fluids. Appendix 2 : Valve of drag coefficient Cd for various body shapes.

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