PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE OF IRRIGATION ENGINEERING

1. Introduction 1.1 Definition 1.2 Necessity Of Irrigation 1.3 Advantages Of Irrigation 1.4 Disadvantages Of Irrigation 1.5 Concept Of Multi-Purpose Project 1.6 Irrigation Schemes 1.7 Major, Medium And Minor Projects 1.8 Development Of Irrigation In India 1.9 Planning Of An Irrigation Project 1.10 Administration Of Irrigation Works 1.11 Economics And Financing Of Irrigation Works 2. Irrigation Soil and Their Fertility 2.1 Functions of Irrigation Soils 2.2 Important Properties of Irrigation Soils 2.3 Soil Water 2.4 Soil Classification 2.5 Soil Fertility 2.6 Manures and Fertilisers 3. Principal Crops In India 3.1 Grouping Of Principal Crops 3.2 Crop Classification 3.3 Definitions Of Different Crops 3.4 Crops In Various States Of India 3.5 Principal Crops In India, Their Seasons And The States In Which Grown 4. Soil-Water -Plant Relationships (Water Requirements Of Crops) 4.1 Soil-Water Relationship 4.2 Soil-Crop Relationship 4.3 Soil Fertility 4.4 Crop Rotation 4.5 Crop - Water Relationship 4.6 Factors Affecting Water Requirements Of Crops 4.7 Determination Of Water Requirements Of Crops 4.8 Quantity Of Irrigation 4.9 Time Of Irrigation 4.10 Soil-Water-Plant Relationship (GCA, CCA, Intensity, Crop Ratio, Overlap Allowance, Time Factor, Efficiency, Frequency, Paleo, Delta, Base Period, Kor Depth And Kor Period , Number Of Waterings ) 4.11 Duty Of Water 4.12 Relationship Between Delta ,Duty And Base Period 5. Irrigation Water - Its Application And Assessment 5.1 Functions Of Irrigation Water 5.2 Suitability Of Water For Irrigation 5.3 Resources Of Irrigation Water 5.4 Methods Of Irrigation 5.5 Surface Irrigation 5.6 Uncontrolled Or Free Flooding 5.7 Controlled Flooding Methods 5.8 Border Strip Method 5.9 Basin Method 5.10 Check Method 5.11 Contour Lateral Method 5.12 Furrow Methods 5.13 Assessment Of Irrigation Water 5.14 Methods Of Assessment Of Irrigation Water 6. Sprinkler Irrigation 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Advantages 6.3 Limitations 6.4 Sprinkler Versus Surface Irrigation 6.5 Conditions Favourable For Sprinkler Irrigation 6.6 Essential Requirements For Sprinkling Irrigation 6.7 Suitability For Crops And Soils 6.8 Sprinkler System : Component Parts 6.9 Sprinkler System : Classification 6.10 Hydraulics Of Sprinkler Irrigation 6.11 Planning And Design Of Sprinkler System 6.12 Design Problem 6.13 Efficiency Of Sprinkler Irrigation 6.13 Maintenance 7. Drip Irrigation 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Component Parts 7.3 Description of Drip Irrigation System 7.4 Advantages of Drip Irrigation System 7.5 Limitations of Drip Irrigation System 7.6 Comparison of Furrow, Sprinkler and Drip Irrigation Methods 7.7 Suitability of Drip Irrigation 7.8 Hydraulics of Flow 8. Ground Water 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Ground Water Production 8.3 Well Irrigation 8.4 Open Well 8.5 Shallow Versus Deep Wells 8.6 Yield Of Open Well (Well Tests) 8.7 Pumping Test 8.8 Recuperation Test 8.9 Well Perforation 8.10 Well Revitalisation 8.11 Well Efficiency- Well Losses 9. Tube-Well Irrigation 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Objectives 9.3 Advantages And Disadvantages 9.4 Comparison Between Tube-Well And Canal Irrigation 9.5 Suitability Of Area For Tube-Well Irrigation 9.6 Site Location Of A Tube-Well 9.7 Types Of Tube-Wells 9.8 Strainer Tube-Well 9.9 Cavity Tube-Well 9.10 Strainer Versus Cavity Tube-Wells 9.11 Slotted Tube-Well 9.12 Strainer Versus Slotted Tube-Wells 9.13 Components Of A Tube-Well Assembly 9.14 Construction Of Tube-Well 9.15 Testing Of Tube-Wells 9.16 Hydraulics Of Tube-Wells 9.17 Yield Or Discharge Of A Tube-Well 9.18 Theims Equilibrium Formula 9.19 Dupints Formulae 9.20 Partial Penetration Of An Aquifer 9.21 Spherical Flow 9.22 Interference Of Tube-Wells With Canal Or Adjoining Tube-Well 9.23 Optimum Capacity Of A Tube -Well 9.24 Duty Of Tube-Well 9.25 Delta Of A Tube-Well 9.26 Rehabilitation Of A Tube-Well 10. Flow Irrigation 10.1 Canal Classification 10.2 Canal Alignment 10.3 Inundation Canals 10.4 Bandhara Irrigation 11. Unlined Channels- Silt Theories 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Kennedy's Theory 11.3 Silt Carrying Capacity 11.4 Channel's Design Based On Kennedy's Theory 11.5 Drawbacks In Kennedy's Theory 11.6 Further Work On Kennedy's Theory 11.7 Lacey's Theory 11.8 Lacey's Regime Equation 11.9 Concept Of Shock 11.10 Drawbacks In Lacey's Theory 11.11 Comparison Of Lacey's And Kennedy's Theories 11.12 Which Theory Preferred 11.13 Design Based On Lacey's Theory 11.14 Sediment Transport - Suspended And Bed Load 11.15 Sediment Discharge 12. Unlined Channels - Their Design 12.1 Longitudinal Section Of A Canal 12.2 Balancing Depth 12.3 Command 12.4 Design Of Canal On Non-Alluvium Soil 12.5 Design Of Canal In Alluvium Soil 12.6 Garrets Diagram 12.7 Use Of Lacey's Regime Diagram 12.8 Channel Design Criterian In Different States Of India Cross-Section Of An Irrigation Channel (Side Slopes, Berm, Bank, Land Width, H.G.L., Pushta, Or Counter Berm, Dowla) 13. Construction, Maintenance And Regulation Of Irrigation Canals 13.1 Construction Of Irrigation Canals (Layout, Excavation, And Embankment Construction) 13.2 Maintenance Of Irrigation Canals (Silt Removal, Weed Control, Maintenance Of Service Roads, Strengthening Of Canal Banks And Plugging Of Canal Breaches) 13.3 Remodelling Of Channels 13.4 Regulation Of Canal System 14. Lined Channels 14.1 Water Losses In Unlined Canals 14.2 Necessity Of Lining Canals 14.3 Advantages And Disadvantages Of Lining Canals 14.4 Selection Of Type Of Lining For Canals 14.5 Economics Of Canal Lining 14.6 Types Of Canal Lining 14.7 Cement Concrete Lining 14.8 Pre-Cast Concrete Lining 14.9 Tile Lining 14.10consideration For Selection Of A Suitable Type Of Lining 14.11 Special Treatment In Salty Reaches 14.12 Design Considerations For Lined Canals 14.13 Design Procedure 14.14 Drainage Behind Lining 15.Lift Canal Irrigation 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Lift 15.3 Design Consideration 15.4 Lift From River 15.5 Pumps Used For Lifting Water 15.6 Electric Motor 15.7 Pumping Station 15.8 Discharge Measurement 15.9 Economic Feasibility 16. WaterLogging 16.1 Introduction 16.2 Adverse Effects Of WaterLogging 16.3 Causes Of WaterLogging 16.4 Anti-Water-Logging Measures 16.5 Optimum Depletion Of Water-Table Depth 17. Drains 17.1 Introduction 17.2 Objectives Of Providing Drains 17.3 Essential Requirements Of A Drain 17.4 Types Of Land Requiring Drainage 17.5 Classification Of Drains 17.6 Surface (Open) Versus Sub-Surface (Tile) Drains 17.7 Surface Drains 17.8 Surface Drainage Systems 17 9 Design Consideration For Surface Drains 17.10 Maintenance Of Surface Drains 17.11 Sub-Surface (Tile) Drains 17.12 Advantages Of Tile Drains 17.13 Depth Of Tile Drains 17.14 Spacing Of Tile Drains 17.15 Tile Diameter 17.16 Tile Drainage Systems 17.17 Outlets For Tile Drains 17.18 Maintenance Of Tile Drains 17.19 Surface Inlets 17.20 French Drains 18. Land Reclamation 18.1 Definitions 18.2 Characteristics Affecting Fertility Of Soils 18.3 Purposes Of Land Reclamation Process 18.4 Methods Of Land Reclamation 19. River Engineering 19.1 Introduction 19.2 River Regime Theories 19.3 Classification Of Rivers 19.4 Stages Of A River 19.5 River Channel Patterns 19.6 Meandering Of A River 19.7 Cut-Offs 20. River Training Works 20.1 Introduction 20.2 Objectives 20.3 Theories Of River Training 20.4 Classification Of River Training Works 20.5 Methods Of River Training 20.6 Types Of River Training Works 20.7 Guide Banks 20.7.1 Classification 20.7.2 Design 20.7.3 Materials Of Construction 20.8 Approach Embankments 20.9 Afflux Embankment 20.10 Groynes Or Spurs 20.10.1 Design 20.10.2 Permeable Groynes 20.10.3 Impermeable Groynes 20.10.4 Sand Dikes, Attracting Groynes, Repelling Groynes 20.10.5 Deflecting Groyne , Special Types 20.10.6 Choice Of Type Of Groyne 20.10.7 Spacing And Length 20.11 Artificial Cut-Offs 20.12 Bank Protection 20.13 Pitched Banks 20.13.1 Pitched Islands 20.14 River Training Without Embankment 20.15 Bandalling 20.16 River Control

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