FLOW MEASUREMENT AND METERS,/ A. LINFORD

Chapter 1 - Mechanical Flow-Meters 1.1 - Introduction. 1.2 - Classification. 1.3 - General features. 1.3.1 - Undergears. 1.3.2 - Counter-gears. 1.3.3 - Counters. 1.3.4 - Interchangeability. 1.3.5 - Protection against freezing. 1.4 - Positive meters. 1.4.1 - Single-piston type. 1.4.2 - Multipiston type. 1.5 - Semi-positive meters. 1.5.1 - Semi-rotation-piston type. 1.5.2 - Rotary-piston type. 1.5.3 - Nutating-disc type. 1.5.4 - Materials of construction. 1.6 - Inferential meters. 1.6.1 - Single-and multi-jet fan type. 1.6.2 - Turbine type. 1.6.3 - Propeller type. 1.6.4 - Materials of construction. 1.7 - Strainers. 1.8 - Diagram attachment. 1.9 - Capacities. 1.10 - Accuracy, flow range and head. 1.11 - Loss of semi-positive and inferential meters. 1.11.1 - Rotary and semi-rotary piston, semi-positive type meters. 1.11.2 - Nutating-disc, semi-positive type meters. 1.11.3 - Single- and multi-jet fan type inferential meters. 1.11.4 - Vertical-spindle propeller type inferential meters. 1.11.5 - Horizontal-spindle propeller type inferential meters. 1.11.6 - Turbine type inferential meters (balanced impeller form). 1.12 - Combination meters. 1.13 - Installation. 1.14 - Calibration. 1.15 - Calibration plant. 1.16 - Gas-meters. 1.17 - Correction factors. 1.18 - Selection meters. Chapter 2 - Indifferential Pressure Flow-Meters. 2.1 - Introduction. 2.2 - Flow characteristics. 2.2.1 - Turbulent flow. 2.2.2 - Compressibility. 2.2.3 - The discharge coefficient. 2.2.4 - Viscosity. 2.3 - Primary elements. 2.5.1 - The venturi tube. 2.3.2 - The orifice plate (pipe tappings, flange tappings, carrier tappings, chord and other type plates, materials of construction). 2.3.3 - The nozzle. 2.3.4 - Head loss (venturi tubes, orifice plates). 2.3.5 - The pitot tube. 2.3.6 - Calibration of primary elements and models. 2.4 - Secondary elements. 2.4.1 - Manometers (inverted U-tube type, U-tube type). 2.4.2 - Flow-registering instruments (water-column type, U-tube type, hydrostatic-balance type, ring-balance type, bell type, diaphragm type [limp-spring-controlled, metallic-spring, metallic-bellows]). 2.4.3 - Recording mechanisms (chart paper, graduations, recording pens and ink). 2.4.4 - Automatic integrators (continuous type, intermitted type). 2.4.5 - Square-root compensation (shaped mercury chamber, shaped displacer, ring-balance type instrument compensation). 2.5 - Pressure transmission between primary and secondary elements. 2.5.1 - Air and gases. 2.5.2 - Liquids (hot and cold liquids flowing through horizontal pipes and cold liquids flowing through non-horizontal pipes). 2.5.3 - Steam. 2.5.4 - Dirty liquids. 2.5.5 - Corrosive fluids (sealing chambers, purge systems, [air reaction, liquid reaction]). 2.6 - Selecting position for primary elements. 2.7 - Selecting position for secondary elements. 2.8 - Installation of primary elements. 2.9 - Installation of secondary elements. 2.10 - Maintenance. 2.11 - Pulsating flow. 2.12 - Derivation of practical flow formulae. 2.12.1 - General flow formulae. 2.12.2 - Flow formulae for reduced conditions and for all liquids and gases. 2.12.3 - Correction factors (common to all liquid and gases, reduced conditions for all liquid and gases). 2.12.4 - Flow formulae for dry gases. 2.12.5 - Flow formulae for reduced conditions for dry gases. 2.12.6 - Correction factors for dry gases. 2.12.7 - Flow formulae for wet gases. 2.12.8 - Flow formulae for wet gases (general notes, flow formulae, correction factors, flow formulae for conditions reduced to a dry gas, flow formulae for conditions reduced to a wet or saturated gas, correction factors for conditions reduced to a dry, wet or saturated gas). Chapter 3 - Shunt flow-meters. 3.1 - Introduction. 3.2 - Meters for liquids. 3.2.1 - Introduction. 3.2.2 - Construction and theory. 3.2.3 - Capacities, head losses and accuracies. 3.2.4 - Installation and maintenance. 3.2.5 - Correction factors. 3.3 - Meters for gases (general). 3.3.1 - Introduction. 3.3.2 - Construction. 3.3.3 - Theory. 3.4 - Water damped meters for gases. 3.4.1 - Construction. 3.4.2 - Capacities, head losses and accuracies. 3.4.3 - Pulsations. 3.4.4 - Installation and maintenance. 3.4.5 - Correction factors. 3.5 - Meters for low-pressure gases. 3.5.1 - Construction and theory. 3.5.2 - Capacities, head losses and accuracies. 3.5.3 - Installation and maintenance. 3.5.4 - Correction factors. Chapter 4 - Variable Aperture Flow- Meters. 4.1 - Introduction and classification. 4.2 - Cone-and-float type. 4.2.1 - Introduction. 4.2.2 - Turbulent flow theory. 4.2.3 - Viscous flow theory. 4.2.4 - Construction. 4.2.5 - Opaque liquids. 4.2.6 - Floats. 4.2.7 - Pulsations. 4.2.8 - Capacities and head losses 4.2.9 - By-pass meters. 4.2.10 - Installation and maintenance. 4.2.11 - Correction factors. 4.3 - Cone-and-disc type. 4.3.1 - Introduction. 4.3.2 - Construction. 4.3.3 - Recording mechanisms. 4.3.4 - Capacities, head losses and accuracies. 4.3.5 - Installation and maintenance. 4.3.6 - Correction factors. 4.4 - Piston type. 4.5 - Hinged-gate type (weight-controlled). 4.5.1 - Introduction. 4.5.2 - Theory. 4.5.3 - Construction. 4.5.4 - Capacities, head losses and accuracies. 4.5.5 - Installation and maintenance. 4.5.6 - Correction factors. 4.6 - Hinged-gate type (spring-controlled). 4.6.1 - Introduction. 4.6.2 - Construction. 4.6.3 - Capacities, head losses and accuracies. 4.6.4 - Installation and maintenance. 4.6.5 - Correction factors. Chapter 5 - Open-Channel Flow-Meters. 5.1 - Introduction. 5.2 - Weirs. 5.2.1 - Rectangular weirs (with end contractions, suppressed). 5.2.2 - Triangular (V-notch) weirs. 5.2.3 - Theory. 5.2.4 - The discharge coefficient. 5.2.5 - Construction of weirs plates. 5.2.6 - Practical flow formulae. 5.3 - Sitting of weirs plates. 5.3.1 - Rectangular weirs-general. 5.3.2 - Rectangular weirs with double end contractors (fully contracted). 5.3.3 - Suppressed rectangular weirs. 5.3.4 - V-notch weirs. 5.4 - Compound weirs. 5.5 - Weirs for boiler-feed measurement in small works. 5.6 - Open-channels flow theory. 5.7 - Venturi flume theory. 5.7.1 - Free flow. 5.7.2 - Compound venturi flumes. 5.7.3 - Drowned flow. 5.7.4 - The discharge coefficient. 5.8 - Dimensional similarity and model testing of weirs and venturi flumes. 5.9 - Construction of venturi flumes. 5.10 - Sitting of venturi flumes. 5.11 - Instrument for measuring flows over weirs and through venturi flumes. 5.11.1 - Hook-gauges. 5.11.2 - Registering instruments (Indicator, Recorders, Automatic integrators, Equal spacing mechanisms ). 5.12 - Sitting of instruments. 5.13 - Purge systems for weirs and venturi flumes. 5.14 - Maintenance. 5.15 - Correction factors for the weirs and venturi flumes. Chapter 6 - River-Flow Gauging. 6.1 - Introduction. 6.2 - Classification of methods. 6.3 - Gauging by velocity measurement. 6.3.1 - Float method (Surface floats, Sub-surface floats, Double or twin floats, Float rods, Captive float). 6.3.2 - General considerations in connection with flow gauging with floats and float-rods. 6.3.3 - Current meters. 6.3.4 - Pitot tubes. 6.4 - Gauging by chemical methods. 6.4.1 - Salt velocity. 6.4.2 - Salt solution. Chapter 7 - Telemetering. 7.1 - Introduction. 7.2 - Electrical telemeters. 7.2.1 - introduction. 7.2.2 - Classification of systems (Group 1: Telemetering by the measurement of an electrical quantity, Group 2: Telemetering by the measurement of the ratio between two identical electrical quantity, Group 3: Telemetering with self-balancing circuit, Group 4: Impulse type telemetering circuits). 7.2.3 - Receiving instruments. 7.2.4 - Force-balance telemetering-system. 7.3 - Pneumatic telemeters. 7.3.1 - Introduction. 7.3.2 - Position-balance systems. 7.3.3 - Force-balance system. 7.3.4 - Booster valves. 7.3.5 - Pressure pipes. 7.4 - Electronic telemeters.

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