Environmental Isotopes in the Hydrological Cycle: Principles and Applications - Volume III - Surface water / edited by W.G. Mook

1. Basic Concepts and Models: 1.1 Introduction. 1.2 Isotope effects by evaporation. 1.3 Isotope input to surface water sistems. 1.4 Mean transit time, mixing relationships. 2. Rivers: 2.1 Hydrological aspects. 2.1.1 The global hydrological cycle. 2.1.2 Temporal variations of river discharge. 2.2 Hydrochemical aspects. 2.2.1 Desolved matter. 2.2.2 Particulate matter. 2.3 Rivers. 2.3.1 General Aspects. 2.3.2 Stable isotopes of hydrogen and oxygen. 2.3.2.1 Variations of 2H and 18O in large rivers. 2.3.2.2 18O in small rivers and streams: hydrograph separation. 2.3.3 3H in Rivers. 2.3.4 13C in rivers. 2.3.5 Sr isotopes in rivers. 3. Estuaries and the Sea (by W. G. Mook): 3.1 Isotopes in the sea. 3.1.1 18O and 2H in the sea. 3.1.2 13C in the sea. 3.2 Isotopes in estuaries. 3.2.1 18O and 2H in estuaries. 3.2.2 13C in estuaries. 3.3 Estuarine details.3.3.1 The relevance of 13HCO versus 13Ct. 3.3.2 Long residence time of the water. 3.3.2.1Isotopic exchange with the atmosphere. 3.3.2.2 Evaporation during the water flow. 4. Lakes and Reservoirs. 4.1 Introduction. 4.1.1 Classification and distribution of lake. 4.1.2 Mixing processes in lakes. 4.2 Water balance of lakes-tracer approach. 4.2.1 Hydrogen and oxygen isotopes. 4.2.1.1 Sampling strategy-gathering required information. 4.2.1.1.1 Precipitation. 4.2.1.1.2 Surface inflows and outflows. 4.2.1.1.3 Isotopic composition of lake water. 4.2.1.1.4 Isotopic composition groundwater inflow. 4.2.1.1.5 Evaporation flux. 4.2.1.1.6 Simplified approach. 4.2.1.1.7 Trace selection: 18O or 2H. 4.2.1.2 Uncertainties of the isotope-mass balance approach. 4.2.1.3 Special cases. 4.2.1.3.1 Non steady-state systems. 4.2.1.3.2 Stratified lakes. 4.2.1.3.3 Interconnected lakes. 4.2.1.3.4 Large lakes. 4.2.1.3.5 Saline Lakes.4.2.2 Other tracers in water balance studies of lakes. 4.2.2.1 Radioactive isotopes. 4.2.2.2 Dissolved Salt. 4.3 Tracing of water and pollutant movement in lakes and reservoirs. 4.3.1 Quantifying ventilation rates in deep lakes. 4.3.2 Identifying leakages from dams and surface reservoirs. 4.3.3 Quantifying lake water-groundwater interactions. 5. Response of surface water systems to climatic changes. 5.1 Impact of climatic chages on the isotopic composition of precipitation. 5.2 Climatic changes of the input function. 5.3 Climatic changes stored in the sediments.

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