Rice cultivation for the million : diagnosis of rice cultivation and techniques of yield increase / Seizo Matsushima.

1. Yield analysis for increasing rice yield 1.1. What are the aims in increasing rice yield? 1.2. When and how the number of panicles is determined 1.3. Diverging point of bearing tillers from non-bearing tillers 1.4. The relation between the maximum tiller-number stage and the initiation of young panicles 1.5. When and how the number of grains per panicle is determined 1.6. When and how the percentage of ripened grains is determined 1.7. When and how the weight of 1,000 grains is determined 1.8. When and how the yield is determined 1.9. Most suitable yield composition for stable and high-yielding rice cultivation 2. Easy diagnosis of rice cultivation 2.1. Improvement of rice cultivation by diagnosing rice plants at maturity 2.2. The relation between the number of grains and the percentage of ripened grains 2.3. Easy method of diagnosis at maturity 2.3.1. Determination of the number of hills per m2 2.3.2. Selection of a representative hill or hills 2.3.3. Threshing and drying of the representative hill or hills 2.3.4. Grain selection with salt water 2.3.5. Estimation of the number of grains per panicle 2.3.6. Estimation of the percentage of ripened grains 2.3.7. Estimation of the weight of 1,000 grains 2.3.8. Calculation of yield 2.3.9. Estimation of the number of degenerated grains per panicle 2.3.10. Estimation of the number of differentiated grains per panicle 2.3.11. Discrimination of non-fertilized grains 2.3.12. Distinguishing "female panicles" 2.3.13. Diagnosis of the plant type 2.3.14. Conclusion 2.4. How to utilize the results of yield-diagnosis 2.4.1 In the case of the percentage of ripened grains being less than 750/o 2.4.2. In the case of the percentage of ripened grains being more than 850/o and the yield still being low 2.5. Diagnosis on the growth stages of rice plants 2.5.1. Diagnosis by means of the "leaf number index" 2.5.2. Diagnosis by means of the number of tillers 2.5.3. Diagnosis by means of the length of young panicles, the distance between the auricles, the number of days prior to heading, etc 2.6. The interrelation between the elongation of inter-nodes and that of young panicles 2.7. The interrelation among the elongations of the leaf-blades, the sheaths and the inter-nodes 2.8. A method for diagnosing the fertilizer effects from the length of leaves 2.9. The relation between the growth of roots and that of aerial parts of the rice plant 2.10. Diagnosis of roots 2.10.1. Diagnosis of the root senescence 2.10.2. Diagnosis of unhealthy roots 2.10.3. Diagnosis by means of the number of branched roots 2.10.4. Diagnosis by means of two-layered crown roots 2.11. Diagnosis on healthy seedlings 2.11.1. Three qualities of healthy seedlings 2.11.2. Diagnosis by means of the ratio of the top dry weight to the plant height 2.11.3. Diagnosis by means of the rising-up speed of seedlings laid horizontally 2.11.4. Diagnosis by means of the regenerating ability of roots 2.11.5. Diagnosis on young seedlings to be used for mechanical transplanting 2.11.6. Diagnosis on semi-adult (immature) seedlings to be used for mechanical transplanting 2.12. Diagnosis on the nutritional conditions of the rice plant by means of the color and the shape of leaves 2.12.1. Symptoms of deficiency in six elements 2.12.2. Diagnosis on nutritional conditions of the plant by means of the color and the shape of leaves 2.12.3. A scientific method for diagnosing the leaf color and its utilization 2.13. Diagnosis by means of the iodine reaction 2.14. Yield-diagnosis at various growth stages 2.14.1. Diagnosis at the rooting stage 2.14.2. Diagnosis at the tillering stage 2.14.3. Diagnosis at the panicle initiation stage 2.14.4. Diagnosis at the heading stage 2.14.5. Diagnosis at the initial yellow-ripe stage 3. Practices of stable and high-yielding rice cultivation -practical application of the results of diagnosis- 3.1. Cultivation suitable for each growth stage 3.2. Targets for rice cultivation 3.2.1. Rice cultivation well-balanced with yield-components 3.2.2. How to determine the necessary amount of fertilizers 3.2.3. How to determine the optimum heading date 3.3. How to improve rice cultivation without making fruitless efforts 3.4. How to increase the number of panicles 3.4.1. Raising healthy seedlings 3.4.2. Encouraging the practice of early seasonal cultivation 3.4.3. Adequate basic fertilizers 3.4.4. Shallow transplanting 3.4.5. Prevention of rooting damage after transplanting 3.4.6. Careful management 3.4.7.Spacing 3.4.8. Methods for suppressing non-bearing and weak tillers 3.5. How to increase the number of grains per panicle 3.5.1. Controlling the development of an excessive number of panicles 3.5.2. Raising strong and large tillers by the time of neck-node differentiation 3.5.3. Promoting the positive differentiation of grains (spikelets) 3.5.4. Preventing the degeneration of spikelets (grains) 3.6. How to increase the percentage of ripened grains 3.6.1. Encouraging early seasonal cultivation 3.6.2. To create favorable conditions during the period from the young panicle initiation stage to the full heading stage. 3.6.3. To prevent the production of an excessive number of spikelets 3.6.4. To make the rice plant reach its heading time in a healthy physical condition 3.6.5. Top-dressing with nitrogenous fertilizers at the full heading stage 3.6.6. To reduce damage caused by diseases and insect pests after heading 3.6.7. Countermeasures against typhoon (strong wind) damage 3.6.8. To prevent the plant from lodging 3.6.9. To make the plant ripen before the temperature drops in autumn 3.6.10. To select varieties which yield a high percentage of ripened grains 3.6.11. To regulate the plant type 3.6.12. To promote the activity of roots 3.7. How to increase the weight of 1,000 grains 3.7.1. Enlargement of hull size 3.7.2. To promote caryopsis (endosperm) development inside the hulls 3.8. The four top-dressing times based on the yield-determining processes 3.8.1. Fertilizers to increase the number of panicles 3.8.2. Fertilizers to increase the number of differentiated spikelets (grains) 3.8.3. Fertilizers to prevent the degeneration of grains and also enlarge the size of hulls 3.8.4. Fertilizers to increase the percentage of ripened grains and encourage kernel development 3.8.5. Principles in top-dressing the fertilizers at various growth stages 3.9. Preventing the plant from lodging 3.9.1. To select varieties highly resistant to lodging 3.9.2. To improve the application practices of fertilizers 3.9.3. Early seasonal cultivation 3.9.4. Spacing 3.9.5. Irrigation practices 3.9.6. Control of diseases and insect pests 3.9.7. Application of herbicides which can be used at the late tillering stage 3.9.8. To regulate the plant type 3.9.9. Thinning-out or cutting back plant hills 3.10. Theory and practice of top-dressing at the full heading stage 3.10.1. Studies on top-dressing at the full heading stage for 20 years 3.10.2. Why top-dressings after heading have been prohibited so far 3.10.3. Why top-dressing at full heading time is effective 3.10.4. Ineffective cases of top-dressing at the full heading stage 3.10.5. How to apply top-dressing at the full heading stage 3.11. Selection of varieties to be used 3.11.1. Basic knowledge on the selection of suitable varieties 3.11.2. The right variety for the right land from the meteorological viewpoint 3.12. Improving soil conditions 3.12.1. Organic matter derived from compost and barnyard manure 3.12.2. The mechanical texture of soils 3.12.3. The depth of top soil 3.12.4. Water permeability 3.12.5. Optimum oxidizing conditions in soil 3.13. Manual of practices for high-yielding rice cultivation 3.13.1. Selection of varieties to be used 3.13.2. Seed production 3.13.3. Improving soil conditions 3.13.4. Renewal of seeds 3.13.5. Seed selection 3.13.6. Seed disinfection 3.13.7. Seed soaking and accelerating germination 3.13.8. Making nursery beds, applying fertilizers and sowing seeds 3.13.9. Drainage after sprouting 3.13.10. Raising the young seedlings and semi-adult (immature) seedlings for mechanical transplanting by using seedling- boxes . 3.13.11. Pulling-out of barnyard grass 3.13.12. Control of blast disease and plant-hoppers in the nursery period 3.13.13. Scattering of compost or barnyard manure in the main field 3.13.14. Plowing, puddling and application of basic fertilizers 3.13.15. Uprooting of seedlings and transplanting 3.13.16. Water management after transplanting 3.13.17. Weed control 3.13.18.

Top-dressing 3.13.19. Pest control in the main fields 3.13.20. Pulling-out of barnyard grass and cutting off the culms infested by stem-borers 3.13.21. Final drainage 3.13.22. Yield diagnosis 3.13.23. Weed control after harvest 4. High-yielding, stable and high-quality rice cultivation through "ideal plants" 4.1. Introduction 4.2. The reason why high yields are difficult to be produced 4.3. When the absorbed nitrogen has the most effect in lowering the percentage of ripened grains 4.4. What is the ideal rice plant9 4.5. Techniques for controlling the plant type of rice plants at will .... 4.6. Demonstrations of the principle for obtaining high yields through "ideal rice plants" 4.7. The meaning of application of organic fertilizer on maximizing grain yield 4.8. Safe and stable rice cultivation through "ideal plants" 4.8.1. Increase in lodging resistance by rice cultivation through "ideal plants" 4.8.2. Increase in resistance to damage caused by diseases by rice cultivation through the "ideal plants" 4.8.3. Increase in resistance to damage caused by disasters 4.9. High-quality rice cultivation through "ideal plants" 4.9.1. Improvement of quality of kernels by nitrogen restriction in the middle growth period 4.9.2. Improvement of quality of kernels by nitrogen top-dressing at the full heading stage 4.10. Actual practices of high-yielding rice cultivation through "ideal plants" 4.10.1. Formulation of high-yielding rice cultivation through "ideal plants" 4.10.2. Targets for rice cultivation in each growth period 4.10.3. Outline of cultivation practices in the early growth period 4.10.4. Outline of cultivation practices in the middle growth period 4.10.5. Outline of cultivation practices in the late growth period 5. High-yielding, stable and high-quality rice cultivation by using broadcastable seedlings 5.1. Motivation for devising seedling-boxes for raising broadcastable seedlings 5.2. Device of seedling-boxes for raising broadcastable seedlings 5.3. Methods for using seedling-boxes 5.3.1. Necessary number of boxes 5.3.2. Preparation of soil for seedling-boxes 5.3.3. Fertilization 5.3.4. Putting soil into pots and pressing the soil 5.3.5. Sowing (normal sowing) 5.3.6. Mixed sowing with soil and fertilizers 5.3.7. Setting seedling-boxes and irrigation 5.3.8. Management for raising seedlings 5.3.9. Pulling-up (uprooting) seedlings and transportation 5.3.10. Transplanting 5.4. Management in the main field 5.4.1. Methods for enhancing plant growth in the early growth period 5.4.2. Methods for restricting nitrogen absorption in the middle growth period 5.5. Yields of rice cultivation through broadcast transplanting 5.6. High-yielding rice cultivation using broadcastable seedlings 5.6.1. Introduction 5.6.2. Results in the first season 5.6.3. Results in the second season. 5.6.4. Conclusion