Pipeline design for water engineers / David Stephenson

1. ECONOMIC PLANNING--Introduction.--Pipeline economics.--Basics of economics: Methods of analysis. Uncertainty in forecasts.--Balancing storage 2. HYDRAULICS--The fundamental equations of fluid flow.--Flow-head loss relationships. Conventional flow formulae. Rational flow formulae.--Minor losses 3. PIPELINE SYSTEM ANALYSIS AND DESIGN--Network analysis: Equivalent pipes for pipes in series or parallel. The loop flow correction method. The node head correction method. Alternative methods of analysis. Network analysis by linear theory.--Optimization of pipeline systems: Dynamic programming for optimizing compound pipes. Transportation programming for least cost allocation of resources, Linear programming for design of least cost open networks. Steepest path ascent technique for extending networks. Design of looped networks. 4. WATER MAIMER AND SURGE--Rigid water column surge theory--Mechanics of water hammer--Elastic water hammer theory: Method of analysis. Effect of friction--Protection of pumping lines. Pump inertia. Pump by-pass reflux valves. Surge tanks. Discharge tanks. Air vessels. In-line reflux valves. Choice of protective device 5. AIR IN PIPELINES--Introduction. Problems of air entrainment. Air intake at pump sumps. Air absorption at free surfaces. Hydraulic removal of air. Hydraulic lumps. Free falls. Air valves. Head losses in pipelines. Water hammer. 6. EXTERNAL LOADS--Soil loads: Trench conditions. Embankment conditions--Superimposed loads. Traffic loads. Stress caused by point loads. Line loads. Uniformly loaded areas. Effect of rigid pavements 7. CONCRETE PIPES--The effect of bedding--Prestressed concrete pipes: Circumferential prestressing. Circumferential prestress after losses. Circumferential stress under field pressure. Longitudinal prestressing. Longitudinal Stresses after losses. Properties of steel and concrete 8. STEEL AND FLEXIBLE PIPE--Internal pressures--Tension rings to resist internal pressure--Deformation of circular pipes under external load: Effect of lateral Support--Stresses due to circumferential bending: More general deflection equations--Stiffening rings to resist buckling with no side support 9. SECONDARY STRESSES--Stresses at branches: Crotch plates. Internal bracing--Stresses at bends--The pipe as a beam: Longitudinal bending. Pipe Stress at saddles. Ring girders--Temperature Stresses 10. PIPES, FITTINGS AND APPURTENANCES--Pipe materials: Steel pipe. Cast iron pipe. Asbestos cement pipe. Concrete pipe. Plastic pipe--Line valves: Sluice valves. Butterfly valves. Globe valves. Needle and control valves. Spherical valves. Reflux valves--Air valves: Air vent valves. Air release valves--Thrust blocks--Flow measurement: Venturi meters. Nozzles. Orifices. Bend meters. Mechanical meters. Electromagnetic induction. Mass and volume measurement. Telemetry 11. LAYING AND PROTECTION--Selecting a route--Laying and trenching--Thrust bores--Pipe bridges--Underwater pipelines--Joints and flanges--Coatings--Linings--Cathodic protection: Galvanic corrosion. Stray current electrolysis.--Termal insulation 12. PUMPING INSTALLATIONS--Influence of pumps on pipeline design--Types of pumps: Positive displacement types. Centrifugal pumps--Terms and definitions--Impeller dynamics--Pump characteristics curves--Motors--Pump stations.

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